This pack of flashcards covers the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry, focusing on the structure and synthesis of carbohydrates. It includes definitions of monomers and polymers, explanations of condensation and hydrolysis reactions, and the classification and formation of carbohydrates, including their monosaccharide monomers.

Carbohydrates [alevel/aqa-biology]

Water [alevel/aqa-biology]

Protein Structure [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards covers the intricate details of DNA replication. It includes the roles of enzymes like DNA helicase, polymerase, and ligase, the concept of 3' and 5' ends of DNA strands, the significance of leading and lagging strands, the formation and joining of Okazaki fragments, and the principles of semi-conservative replication demonstrated by the Meselson-Stahl experiment.

Nucleic Acids [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses the functions and roles of various ions (hydrogen, iron, sodium, and phosphate) in biological systems, the structure and significance of ATP as an immediate energy source, processes like ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation, and the unique attributes of ATP compared to glucose in cellular metabolism.

Nucleic Acids & Inorganic Ions [alevel/aqa-biology]

Lipids [alevel/aqa-biology]

Enzymes [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses detailed explanations of cellular processes such as mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells, binary fission in prokaryotic cells, virus replication, and the roles of various cellular components like centrioles and spindle apparatus during cell division. It also covers observation techniques, gene mutations' effects on mitosis, and cancer treatments.

Mitosis [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards covers the complex structure and functions of cell membranes and transport mechanisms. It explains the fluid-mosaic model, phospholipid bilayer arrangement, protein roles, diffusion processes, osmosis, isotonic solutions, and active transport, including co-transport involving sodium and glucose ions.

Transport [alevel/aqa-biology]

Immunity [alevel/aqa-biology]

Cells [alevel/aqa-biology]

Mass Transport in Plants [alevel/aqa-biology]

Mass Transport in Animals [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses a detailed exploration of biological concepts related to the surface area to volume ratio in organisms, gas exchange mechanisms across various species, Fick's Law, and the digestive processes in mammals. It delves into the physical adaptations for efficient substance exchange, the roles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in human respiration, and the intricacies of nutrient absorption in the ileum.

Exchange Surfaces [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards covers fundamental concepts in biological classification and taxonomy, including the definition of species, the binomial naming system, the Linnaeus classification hierarchy, and phylogeny. It also delves into species relatedness through DNA and protein comparisons, courtship behaviors in animals, and the importance of universal nomenclature in biology.

Species & Taxonomy [alevel/aqa-biology]

Genetic Diversity: Meiosis & Mutations [alevel/aqa-biology]

Genetic Diversity and Adaptations [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses concepts related to biodiversity, including definitions and measures of biodiversity, habitat, species richness, and the index of diversity. It also explores human impacts on biodiversity, reasons for conservation, and methods of estimating genetic diversity, both traditional and modern. Additionally, it addresses the balance between agriculture and conservation, and the investigation of population variation.

Biodiversity and Investigating Diversity [alevel/aqa-biology]

Protein Synthesis [alevel/aqa-biology]

DNA and the Genetic Code [alevel/aqa-biology]

Respiration [alevel/aqa-biology]

Photosynthesis [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards covers ecological concepts related to energy flow and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. Topics include the definitions and calculations of primary and secondary production, roles of organisms in food webs, the significance of nutrient cycles, and environmental impacts of agricultural practices such as fertilization and eutrophication.

Energy Transfers & Nutrient Cycles [alevel/aqa-biology]

Responses, Reflexes & Muscles [alevel/aqa-biology]

Nervous System [alevel/aqa-biology]

Homeostasis [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses fundamental ecological concepts, including definitions of ecosystem components (population, habitat, community, niche, carrying capacity), interactions (interspecific and intraspecific competition, predator-prey dynamics), and methodologies for estimating population sizes (sampling techniques, mark-release-recapture method). It also covers ecological succession, habitat conservation, and human impact on ecosystems.

Populations in Ecosystems [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses essential genetic concepts, including definitions and explanations of genotype, phenotype, and various inheritance patterns. It covers test crosses, dihybrid crosses, codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linkage, autosomal linkage, and the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, with examples like coat color in Labrador retrievers and human blood groups.

Inheritance [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses key concepts in evolutionary biology, including genetic variation, natural selection, speciation, and genetic drift. It covers mechanisms that drive evolution, such as mutations, reproductive success, and selection types (directional, stabilizing, disruptive), along with detailed processes of allopatric and sympatric speciation, and the impact of genetic drift and mutations on population divergence and species diversity.

Evolution & Speciation [alevel/aqa-biology]

Stem Cells & Controlling Protein Synthesis [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards encompasses a comprehensive overview of gene mutations, their types, and effects on protein structure. It includes details on mutagenic agents, carcinogens, the specifics of addition, deletion, substitution, inversion, duplication, and translocation mutations in DNA sequencing. It also addresses the role of mutations in cancer development and differentiates between benign and malignant tumors.

Mutations and Cancer [alevel/aqa-biology]

This pack of flashcards covers key concepts in gene technology, including sequencing projects, the variability of the proteome, recombinant DNA technology, and the role of enzymes like reverse transcriptase and restriction endonucleases. It also delves into laboratory techniques for creating and amplifying DNA fragments, the use of vectors for DNA manipulation, the identification of recombinant DNA, and the application of DNA probes and genetic fingerprinting in medical and forensic contexts.

A-Level AQA Biology Flashcards

A-Level