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Describe the process of respiration.

Respiration is the reaction that produces the ATP needed for other metabolic reactions in cells. It is an enzyme-controlled reaction and is sensitive to temperature and pH changes. Glucose is broken down to release ATP, but if there is no glucose, other respiratory substrates such as lipids and proteins are used.

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"Describe the process of respiration."	"Respiration is the reaction that produces the ATP needed for other metabolic reactions in cells. It is an enzyme-controlled reaction and is sensitive to temperature and pH changes. Glucose is broken down to release ATP, but if there is no glucose, other respiratory substrates such as lipids and proteins are used."
"What happens when there is no glucose left for respiration?"	"When there is no glucose left, glycogen (in animals) or starch (in plants) stores of glucose are used. If these are also depleted, lipids can be hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids, and proteins can be modified and used."
"Define Glycolysis and its key stages."	"Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm. It involves three key stages: Substrate-level phosphorylation, where glucose has two phosphate groups added to it; Phosphorylation, which makes the glucose unstable and it splits into two 3-carbon compounds; and Oxidation, where the two 3-carbon compounds are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules. This process releases 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and a net gain of 2 ATP."
"What is the Link Reaction in respiration?"	"The Link Reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Pyruvate contains 3 carbons whereas acetyl CoA contains two, so a carbon is removed in this stage in the form of carbon dioxide."
"How does the process of respiration utilize lipids and proteins when glucose is not available?"	"Lipids can be hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol is then phosphorylated into triose phosphate and enters aerobic respiration at the Krebs cycle. Proteins could also be modified and used. Amino acids must be hydrolyzed and the amino group removed (deamination). The carbon compound that remains can enter the Krebs cycle."
"Define decarboxylation and dehydrogenation in the context of cellular respiration."	"Decarboxylation is a process that requires decarboxylase enzymes and involves the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule. Dehydrogenation is a process catalyzed by dehydrogenase enzymes, where 2 hydrogen atoms are removed to oxidize the carbon compound further to create acetate."
"What is the role of NAD in the link reaction of cellular respiration?"	"In the link reaction, NAD picks up the hydrogen removed during dehydrogenation to become NADH."
"Describe the process and products of the Krebs cycle."	"The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, involves the reaction of acetyl CoA with a four-carbon molecule, releasing coenzyme A and producing a six-carbon molecule. This cycle generates 8 reduced coenzymes, 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and 4 carbon dioxide. In total, per glucose molecule, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH are produced."
"What is the role of ATP synthase in the final stage of aerobic respiration?"	"ATP synthase catalyzes the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes, down a concentration gradient. This is an example of chemiosmotic theory and is part of the process where most ATP is synthesized."
"Explain the process of Oxidation Phosphorylation in aerobic respiration."	"Oxidation Phosphorylation is the final stage of aerobic respiration where most ATP is synthesized and oxygen is used. It involves the transfer of electrons down the electron transfer chain and the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes. The accumulated reduced coenzymes release the hydrogens, which split into protons and electrons. The electrons are passed down a series of electron carrier proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, losing energy as they move."
"Describe the process of Chemiosmosis in the context of ATP production."	"In Chemiosmosis, protons move down the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix via ATP synthase, thereby producing ATP."
"Define the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain."	"Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It combines with the electrons and the protons to form water."
"Explain what happens during anaerobic respiration."	"In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol (in plants and microbes) or lactate (in animals) by gaining the hydrogen from reduced NAD. This oxidizes NAD so that it can be reused in glycolysis and ensure more ATP is continued to be produced."
"How many ATP molecules can be yielded from 1 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD respectively?"	"1 reduced NAD can result in a yield of 3 ATP molecules, whereas 1 reduced FAD can result in a yield of 2 ATP molecules."
"What is the total yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?"	"The total yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration should be 38 molecules of ATP."
"Why is aerobic respiration only approximately 32% efficient?"	"Aerobic respiration is only approximately 32% efficient due to some protons leaking across the mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation, ATP being used to actively transport pyruvate and NADH into the matrix, and because some energy is lost as heat."
"How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?"	"In anaerobic respiration, only 2 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule."

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[{"id":1350865,"front":"Describe the process of respiration.","back":"Respiration is the reaction that produces the ATP needed for other metabolic reactions in cells. It is an enzyme-controlled reaction and is sensitive to temperature and pH changes. Glucose is broken down to release ATP, but if there is no glucose, other respiratory substrates such as lipids and proteins are used.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Respiration is a vital metabolic process that generates ATP, the energy currency of cells. It is regulated by enzymes and influenced by temperature and pH. Glucose is the primary substrate for respiration, but in its absence, alternative substrates like lipids and proteins can be utilized. Respiration is essential for sustaining cellular functions and providing the energy needed for various metabolic reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350866,"front":"What happens when there is no glucose left for respiration?","back":"When there is no glucose left, glycogen (in animals) or starch (in plants) stores of glucose are used. If these are also depleted, lipids can be hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids, and proteins can be modified and used.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"When glucose is no longer available for respiration, organisms can rely on stored forms of glucose such as glycogen in animals or starch in plants. If these reserves are also exhausted, alternative energy sources like lipids and proteins can be utilized. Lipids can be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, while proteins can be modified and used as a source of energy. This ensures that organisms can continue to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells, even in the absence of glucose.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350867,"front":"Define Glycolysis and its key stages.","back":"Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm. It involves three key stages: Substrate-level phosphorylation, where glucose has two phosphate groups added to it; Phosphorylation, which makes the glucose unstable and it splits into two 3-carbon compounds; and Oxidation, where the two 3-carbon compounds are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules. This process releases 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and a net gain of 2 ATP.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Glycolysis is a crucial metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm. It consists of three main stages. Firstly, substrate-level phosphorylation adds two phosphate groups to glucose. Secondly, phosphorylation destabilizes glucose, causing it to split into two 3-carbon compounds. Lastly, oxidation takes place, where the two 3-carbon compounds are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules. This process generates 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and a net gain of 2 ATP. Glycolysis is the initial step in cellular respiration and provides energy for various cellular processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350868,"front":"What is the Link Reaction in respiration?","back":"The Link Reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Pyruvate contains 3 carbons whereas acetyl CoA contains two, so a carbon is removed in this stage in the form of carbon dioxide.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Link Reaction is a crucial step in cellular respiration that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. It involves the conversion of pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule, into acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule. This conversion results in the release of one carbon dioxide molecule. The Link Reaction prepares the acetyl CoA for entry into the next stage of respiration, the Krebs cycle.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350869,"front":"How does the process of respiration utilize lipids and proteins when glucose is not available?","back":"Lipids can be hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol is then phosphorylated into triose phosphate and enters aerobic respiration at the Krebs cycle. Proteins could also be modified and used. Amino acids must be hydrolyzed and the amino group removed (deamination). The carbon compound that remains can enter the Krebs cycle.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"When glucose is not available for respiration, the body can utilize lipids and proteins as alternative energy sources. Lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, with glycerol being converted into a form that can enter the aerobic respiration process. Proteins are also broken down into amino acids, which undergo deamination to produce a carbon compound that can enter the respiration cycle. This demonstrates the body's ability to adapt and utilize different macronutrients for energy production when glucose is not present.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350870,"front":"Define decarboxylation and dehydrogenation in the context of cellular respiration.","back":"Decarboxylation is a process that requires decarboxylase enzymes and involves the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule. Dehydrogenation is a process catalyzed by dehydrogenase enzymes, where 2 hydrogen atoms are removed to oxidize the carbon compound further to create acetate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation are crucial steps in cellular respiration. Decarboxylation removes a carboxyl group, releasing carbon dioxide, while dehydrogenation removes hydrogen atoms, aiding in further oxidation. These processes are enzyme-catalyzed and essential for energy production.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350871,"front":"What is the role of NAD in the link reaction of cellular respiration?","back":"In the link reaction, NAD picks up the hydrogen removed during dehydrogenation to become NADH.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"NAD plays a crucial role in the link reaction of cellular respiration by acting as an electron carrier. It accepts hydrogen atoms that are removed during dehydrogenation, becoming NADH. This conversion allows NADH to transport the electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. NADH is then regenerated back to NAD+ for further use in the cellular respiration process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350872,"front":"Describe the process and products of the Krebs cycle.","back":"The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, involves the reaction of acetyl CoA with a four-carbon molecule, releasing coenzyme A and producing a six-carbon molecule. This cycle generates 8 reduced coenzymes, 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and 4 carbon dioxide. In total, per glucose molecule, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH are produced.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. It begins with the reaction of acetyl CoA with a four-carbon molecule, resulting in the production of a six-carbon molecule. This cycle generates 8 reduced coenzymes, which are important for energy production. Additionally, 2 ATP molecules are produced through substrate-level phosphorylation. Finally, 4 molecules of carbon dioxide are released as waste products. Overall, the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH per glucose molecule, which are used in subsequent stages of cellular respiration.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350873,"front":"What is the role of ATP synthase in the final stage of aerobic respiration?","back":"ATP synthase catalyzes the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes, down a concentration gradient. This is an example of chemiosmotic theory and is part of the process where most ATP is synthesized.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"ATP synthase plays a crucial role in the final stage of aerobic respiration by facilitating the synthesis of ATP. It achieves this by utilizing the energy from the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes. This process, known as chemiosmotic theory, allows ATP synthase to generate ATP by harnessing the energy stored in the proton gradient. This ATP synthesis is a vital step in the overall process of aerobic respiration, as it provides the cell with the energy it needs to carry out various cellular functions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350874,"front":"Explain the process of Oxidation Phosphorylation in aerobic respiration.","back":"Oxidation Phosphorylation is the final stage of aerobic respiration where most ATP is synthesized and oxygen is used. It involves the transfer of electrons down the electron transfer chain and the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes. The accumulated reduced coenzymes release the hydrogens, which split into protons and electrons. The electrons are passed down a series of electron carrier proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, losing energy as they move.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Oxidation phosphorylation is the process in aerobic respiration where ATP is synthesized and oxygen is used. It involves electron transfer down the electron transfer chain and movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes. Reduced coenzymes release hydrogens, which split into protons and electrons. Electrons are passed down electron carrier proteins, losing energy as they move.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350875,"front":"Describe the process of Chemiosmosis in the context of ATP production.","back":"In Chemiosmosis, protons move down the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix via ATP synthase, thereby producing ATP.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chemiosmosis is a process that occurs in the mitochondria during ATP production. It involves the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase. This movement is driven by the electrochemical gradient created by the electron transport chain. As the protons move back into the matrix, ATP synthase uses their energy to convert ADP into ATP. This process is essential for the production of ATP, the main energy currency of cells.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350876,"front":"Define the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain.","back":"Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It combines with the electrons and the protons to form water.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Oxygen plays a crucial role in the electron transport chain as the final electron acceptor. It accepts electrons and protons from the chain, allowing for the production of water. This process is essential for the generation of ATP, the energy currency of cells. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain would not be able to efficiently produce ATP, leading to a decrease in cellular energy production.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350877,"front":"Explain what happens during anaerobic respiration.","back":"In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol (in plants and microbes) or lactate (in animals) by gaining the hydrogen from reduced NAD. This oxidizes NAD so that it can be reused in glycolysis and ensure more ATP is continued to be produced.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"During anaerobic respiration, when oxygen is not available, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is converted into either ethanol or lactate. This conversion is facilitated by the transfer of hydrogen from reduced NAD. This process helps regenerate NAD, which is essential for glycolysis to continue producing ATP. In plants and microbes, ethanol is produced, while in animals, lactate is produced. This allows cells to continue generating energy in the absence of oxygen.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350878,"front":"How many ATP molecules can be yielded from 1 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD respectively?","back":"1 reduced NAD can result in a yield of 3 ATP molecules, whereas 1 reduced FAD can result in a yield of 2 ATP molecules.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"NAD and FAD are electron carriers in cellular respiration. They donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. NADH donates its electrons earlier in the chain, resulting in the production of more ATP (3 molecules). FADH2 donates its electrons later in the chain, resulting in the production of fewer ATP molecules (2 molecules). This difference is due to the location of electron entry and the number of protons pumped across the membrane.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350879,"front":"What is the total yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?","back":"The total yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration should be 38 molecules of ATP.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down through a series of reactions in the presence of oxygen. This process, known as cellular respiration, occurs in multiple stages, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During these stages, glucose is gradually oxidized, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP. The final yield of ATP from one glucose molecule is 38 molecules. This is because glycolysis produces 2 ATP, the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, and oxidative phosphorylation produces 34 ATP. Therefore, the total yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration is 38 molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350885,"front":"Why is aerobic respiration only approximately 32% efficient?","back":"Aerobic respiration is only approximately 32% efficient due to some protons leaking across the mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation, ATP being used to actively transport pyruvate and NADH into the matrix, and because some energy is lost as heat.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration's efficiency is limited by proton leakage in the mitochondrial membrane, ATP consumption for transporting molecules, and energy dissipation as heat. These factors contribute to the overall efficiency being around 32%.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1350890,"front":"How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?","back":"In anaerobic respiration, only 2 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, leading to the production of only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule through glycolysis. This process is less efficient compared to aerobic respiration, which generates significantly more ATP molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"IdKhE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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