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Populations in Ecosystems

A-Level AQA Biology

This pack of flashcards encompasses fundamental ecological concepts, including definitions of ecosystem components (population, habitat, community, niche, carrying capacity), interactions (interspecific and intraspecific competition, predator-prey dynamics), and methodologies for estimating population sizes (sampling techniques, mark-release-recapture method). It also covers ecological succession, habitat conservation, and human impact on ecosystems.

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"Define the term 'Population' in the context of ecosystems."	"In the context of ecosystems, 'Population' refers to a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat."
"What is the meaning of 'Habitat' in relation to ecosystems?"	"In relation to ecosystems, 'Habitat' refers to the part of an ecosystem in which particular organisms live."
"Explain the term 'Community' in ecosystem terminology."	"In ecosystem terminology, 'Community' refers to all the populations of different species in the same area at the same time."
"What does 'Ecosystem' mean in the context of environmental science?"	"In the context of environmental science, 'Ecosystem' refers to a community and the non-living components of an environment (the biotic and abiotic factors). Ecosystems can range in size from the very small to the very large."
"Define 'Niche' as it pertains to ecosystems."	"As it pertains to ecosystems, 'Niche' refers to an organism’s role within an ecosystem. Each species occupies its own niche governed by adaptation to both abiotic and biotic conditions."
"What is 'Carrying Capacity' in terms of ecosystems?"	"In terms of ecosystems, 'Carrying Capacity' refers to the maximum population size an ecosystem can support."
"Explain the difference between 'Abiotic Factors' and 'Biotic Factors' in an ecosystem."	"'Abiotic Factors' refer to the non-living conditions of an ecosystem, while 'Biotic Factors' refer to the impact of the interactions between organisms."
"Describe 'Interspecific competition' and 'Intraspecific competition' in the context of ecosystems."	"'Interspecific competition' in ecosystems is when members of different species are in competition for the same resource that is in limited supply. 'Intraspecific competition' is when members of the same species are in competition for resources and a mate."
"Describe the relationship between predators and prey in a food web."	"The size of the predator and prey populations both fluctuate, there will always be more prey than predators, and the size of the population will always change in the prey and then the predators."
"How can population sizes be estimated?"	"Population sizes can be estimated via a range of techniques, including taking samples. For the sampling to provide an accurate estimate that is representative of the population size, many samples must be taken, and sampling should be random to avoid bias."
"Define a quadrat and its use in population estimation."	"A quadrat is a frame typically 0.5m x 0.5m in size and can be gridded or open. It is used to sample slow-moving or non-motile organisms (such as plants)."
"Explain the process of random sampling in population estimation."	"To randomly sample an area, two 20m tape measures are placed at right angles to create a gridded area to sample. Using a random number generator, two values are generated to use as coordinates in the gridded area created. The quadrat is placed on the coordinate, and either the number of the species being sampled is counted or a percentage cover is estimated. This should be repeated at least 30 times to provide a representative estimate."
"Define a belt transect and when it might be used."	"A belt transect is when a tape measure is placed through an ecosystem that is not uniform, such as a beach rocky shore. It is sometimes more appropriate than random sampling."
"Describe the three ways to estimate the population in a quadrat."	"The three ways to estimate the population in a quadrat are frequency, density, and percentage cover. Frequency is when you record how many squares out of the 100 in a quadrat the species is present in. Density is when every individual of that species in the quadrat is counted. Percentage cover is when you estimate the percentage of the whole quadrat that is covered by the species, using the 100 grids in the quadrat to assist."
"How is the mark-release-recapture method used to estimate population size?"	"In the mark-release-recapture method, animals are first trapped and then marked. The animals are then released and left to redistribute in the population. The traps are used a few days later, and a second sample is taken. The re-sampling continues until at least 10 samples are collected. The population size can be estimated using the formula: Population size = Size of 1st sample X size of second sample / Number of marked recapture."
"Define the concept of succession in an ecological community."	"Succession is the change in an ecological community over time. It starts with a pioneer species colonizing bare rock or sand. These species are adapted to survive harsh abiotic factors, and through their death and decomposition, they change the abiotic factors to become less harsh and form a thin layer of soil. This pattern continues, and as the abiotic factors continue to be less harsh, larger plants can survive and change the environment further."
"Do pioneer species play a role in ecological succession?"	"Yes, pioneer species play a crucial role in ecological succession. They are the first to colonize bare rock or sand, survive harsh abiotic factors, and through their death and decomposition, they change the abiotic factors to become less harsh and form a thin layer of soil. This allows for the survival of mosses and smaller plants, which further increase the depth and nutrient content of the soil, paving the way for larger plants."
"Describe the impact of a new species on the environment and the previous species inhabiting it."	"A new species may change the environment in such a way that it becomes less suitable for the previous species, leading to them being out-competed."
"Define the term 'climax community' in the context of succession."	"The climax community is the final stage in a succession, typically dominated by trees."
"Explain how the destruction of habitats can lead to extinction."	"The destruction of habitats, usually due to human activity, results in a loss of food and space for organisms, which can lead to extinction."
"How can succession be managed to conserve habitats?"	"To conserve habitats, succession is often managed by maintaining earlier stages in succession and preventing a climax community. This conserves a greater variety of habitats and allows a greater range of species to survive."
"Discuss the conflict between human needs and conservation in maintaining the sustainability of natural resources."	"This conflict arises when human activities, such as the need for timber, threaten the conservation of habitats. Compromises, such as coppicing forests to provide timber while still allowing the tree to survive, are needed to manage this conflict."
"Define the term 'abiotic factor'."	"An abiotic factor is a non-living factor that influences an ecosystem."
"Define the term 'community' in the context of ecosystems."	"A community in an ecosystem refers to a group of individuals of different species living in the same area."
"Explain the importance of taking a large number of samples in ecological studies."	"Taking a large number of samples is important to ensure the data collected is representative of the population and provides reliable statistics."

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Define the term 'Population' in the context of ecosystems.

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In the context of ecosystems, 'Population' refers to a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat.

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[{"id":1331350,"front":"Define the term 'Population' in the context of ecosystems.","back":"In the context of ecosystems, 'Population' refers to a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In the context of ecosystems, a population denotes a collective group of organisms of the same species that coexist within a specific habitat. This definition emphasizes the interdependence and interactions among individuals of the same species within their shared environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331351,"front":"What is the meaning of 'Habitat' in relation to ecosystems?","back":"In relation to ecosystems, 'Habitat' refers to the part of an ecosystem in which particular organisms live.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Habitat is a specific area within an ecosystem where a particular species or community of organisms resides. It provides the necessary resources and conditions for their survival and reproduction. Understanding habitat is crucial for conservation and management of ecosystems.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331352,"front":"Explain the term 'Community' in ecosystem terminology.","back":"In ecosystem terminology, 'Community' refers to all the populations of different species in the same area at the same time.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In ecosystem terms, a \"community\" encompasses various species coexisting in a specific area simultaneously. This interaction influences the ecosystem's dynamics, such as competition, predation, and symbiosis, shaping the overall biodiversity and stability of the environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331353,"front":"What does 'Ecosystem' mean in the context of environmental science?","back":"In the context of environmental science, 'Ecosystem' refers to a community and the non-living components of an environment (the biotic and abiotic factors). Ecosystems can range in size from the very small to the very large.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"An ecosystem encompasses the interactions between living organisms and their physical surroundings. It highlights the interconnectedness of various elements within a specific area, showcasing how organisms rely on each other and their environment for survival and sustenance. Ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331356,"front":"Define 'Niche' as it pertains to ecosystems.","back":"As it pertains to ecosystems, 'Niche' refers to an organism’s role within an ecosystem. Each species occupies its own niche governed by adaptation to both abiotic and biotic conditions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The concept of \"niche\" in ecosystems is crucial for understanding how organisms interact with their environment. It encompasses the specific role and position of a species within the ecosystem, including its interactions with other species and the physical environment. This concept helps in comprehending the dynamics and balance within ecological communities.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331360,"front":"What is 'Carrying Capacity' in terms of ecosystems?","back":"In terms of ecosystems, 'Carrying Capacity' refers to the maximum population size an ecosystem can support.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Carrying capacity is a crucial concept in ecology, determining the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support. It is influenced by factors like available resources, competition, predation, and environmental conditions, impacting population dynamics and ecosystem stability.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331361,"front":"Explain the difference between 'Abiotic Factors' and 'Biotic Factors' in an ecosystem.","back":"'Abiotic Factors' refer to the non-living conditions of an ecosystem, while 'Biotic Factors' refer to the impact of the interactions between organisms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Abiotic factors are physical and chemical elements like temperature and sunlight, impacting living organisms. Biotic factors involve living organisms' interactions, such as competition for resources or predation. Both are crucial in shaping an ecosystem's dynamics and biodiversity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331362,"front":"Describe 'Interspecific competition' and 'Intraspecific competition' in the context of ecosystems.","back":"'Interspecific competition' in ecosystems is when members of different species are in competition for the same resource that is in limited supply. 'Intraspecific competition' is when members of the same species are in competition for resources and a mate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Interspecific competition occurs between different species for shared resources, potentially influencing species diversity. Intraspecific competition within a species can lead to adaptations and behavioral changes to optimize resource use and reproductive success, impacting population dynamics.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331363,"front":"Describe the relationship between predators and prey in a food web.","back":"The size of the predator and prey populations both fluctuate, there will always be more prey than predators, and the size of the population will always change in the prey and then the predators.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The relationship between predators and prey in a food web is dynamic and interconnected. Both populations experience fluctuations, but the prey population is generally larger than the predator population. Changes in prey population size directly impact predator population size, as predators rely on prey as a food source. This creates a cycle of population changes, with fluctuations in prey numbers leading to corresponding changes in predator numbers.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331364,"front":"How can population sizes be estimated?","back":"Population sizes can be estimated via a range of techniques, including taking samples. For the sampling to provide an accurate estimate that is representative of the population size, many samples must be taken, and sampling should be random to avoid bias.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Estimating population sizes is crucial for various fields like ecology and economics. Sampling helps infer population size accurately. Random sampling reduces bias, ensuring the sample represents the entire population. Multiple samples enhance the reliability of the estimate.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331365,"front":"Define a quadrat and its use in population estimation.","back":"A quadrat is a frame typically 0.5m x 0.5m in size and can be gridded or open. It is used to sample slow-moving or non-motile organisms (such as plants).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Quadrats are essential in ecology for estimating population sizes of immobile organisms like plants. By systematically placing quadrats in an area, researchers can collect data on species abundance and distribution, aiding in ecological studies and conservation efforts.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331366,"front":"Explain the process of random sampling in population estimation.","back":"To randomly sample an area, two 20m tape measures are placed at right angles to create a gridded area to sample. Using a random number generator, two values are generated to use as coordinates in the gridded area created. The quadrat is placed on the coordinate, and either the number of the species being sampled is counted or a percentage cover is estimated. This should be repeated at least 30 times to provide a representative estimate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Random sampling in population estimation involves creating a grid in the area to be sampled using tape measures, generating random coordinates within the grid, and then assessing the species or characteristics at those points. This process is repeated multiple times to ensure a representative estimate of the population.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331373,"front":"Define a belt transect and when it might be used.","back":"A belt transect is when a tape measure is placed through an ecosystem that is not uniform, such as a beach rocky shore. It is sometimes more appropriate than random sampling.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A belt transect is used to study non-uniform ecosystems by placing a tape measure through the area. This method is preferred over random sampling when specific areas need to be studied, such as in a beach rocky shore where different zones are present.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331385,"front":"Describe the three ways to estimate the population in a quadrat.","back":"The three ways to estimate the population in a quadrat are frequency, density, and percentage cover. Frequency is when you record how many squares out of the 100 in a quadrat the species is present in. Density is when every individual of that species in the quadrat is counted. Percentage cover is when you estimate the percentage of the whole quadrat that is covered by the species, using the 100 grids in the quadrat to assist.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Estimating population in a quadrat involves frequency, density, and percentage cover methods. Frequency counts presence in squares, density tallies individuals, and percentage cover estimates area coverage. These methods offer varied insights into species distribution within the quadrat.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331420,"front":"How is the mark-release-recapture method used to estimate population size?","back":"In the mark-release-recapture method, animals are first trapped and then marked. The animals are then released and left to redistribute in the population. The traps are used a few days later, and a second sample is taken. The re-sampling continues until at least 10 samples are collected. The population size can be estimated using the formula: Population size = Size of 1st sample X size of second sample / Number of marked recapture.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331435,"front":"Define the concept of succession in an ecological community.","back":"Succession is the change in an ecological community over time. It starts with a pioneer species colonizing bare rock or sand. These species are adapted to survive harsh abiotic factors, and through their death and decomposition, they change the abiotic factors to become less harsh and form a thin layer of soil. This pattern continues, and as the abiotic factors continue to be less harsh, larger plants can survive and change the environment further.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Succession in an ecological community is a gradual process where pioneer species establish and change the environment, paving the way for more complex species to thrive. This progression alters abiotic factors, leading to a shift from harsh conditions to a more diverse and stable ecosystem.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331456,"front":"Do pioneer species play a role in ecological succession?","back":"Yes, pioneer species play a crucial role in ecological succession. They are the first to colonize bare rock or sand, survive harsh abiotic factors, and through their death and decomposition, they change the abiotic factors to become less harsh and form a thin layer of soil. This allows for the survival of mosses and smaller plants, which further increase the depth and nutrient content of the soil, paving the way for larger plants.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331465,"front":"Describe the impact of a new species on the environment and the previous species inhabiting it.","back":"A new species may change the environment in such a way that it becomes less suitable for the previous species, leading to them being out-competed.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Introducing a new species can disrupt existing ecosystems by altering food webs, resource availability, and habitat structures. This can lead to shifts in population dynamics, where native species struggle to survive, adapt, or compete, potentially resulting in declines or extinctions of those previously established.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331467,"front":"Define the term 'climax community' in the context of succession.","back":"The climax community is the final stage in a succession, typically dominated by trees.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The climax community is the ultimate stage of ecological succession, where a stable and self-sustaining community of plants and animals is established. It is characterized by the dominance of trees, which have successfully outcompeted other species and have reached their maximum growth potential. This community represents a state of equilibrium and is able to persist for an extended period of time, barring any major disturbances.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331468,"front":"Explain how the destruction of habitats can lead to extinction.","back":"The destruction of habitats, usually due to human activity, results in a loss of food and space for organisms, which can lead to extinction.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The destruction of habitats disrupts the delicate balance of ecosystems, causing a ripple effect on species dependent on those habitats. When organisms lose their food sources and shelter, their populations decline, making them more vulnerable to extinction. This highlights the interconnectedness of all living beings in an ecosystem.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331470,"front":"How can succession be managed to conserve habitats?","back":"To conserve habitats, succession is often managed by maintaining earlier stages in succession and preventing a climax community. This conserves a greater variety of habitats and allows a greater range of species to survive.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Managing succession to conserve habitats involves controlling the natural progression towards a climax community. By maintaining earlier stages, a diverse range of habitats is preserved, supporting a wider array of species. This approach enhances biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331483,"front":"Discuss the conflict between human needs and conservation in maintaining the sustainability of natural resources.","back":"This conflict arises when human activities, such as the need for timber, threaten the conservation of habitats. Compromises, such as coppicing forests to provide timber while still allowing the tree to survive, are needed to manage this conflict.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The conflict between human needs and conservation is a complex issue as it involves balancing resource utilization with long-term environmental preservation. Sustainable practices like coppicing demonstrate how compromises can be made to meet human needs without compromising the health of ecosystems. This conflict underscores the importance of finding innovative solutions to ensure the sustainability of natural resources for future generations.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331486,"front":"Define the term 'abiotic factor'.","back":"An abiotic factor is a non-living factor that influences an ecosystem.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Abiotic factors play a crucial role in shaping ecosystems by influencing the living organisms within them. These factors include physical elements like temperature, water, sunlight, soil composition, and air quality, all of which impact the ecosystem's overall health and biodiversity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331489,"front":"Define the term 'community' in the context of ecosystems.","back":"A community in an ecosystem refers to a group of individuals of different species living in the same area.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331494,"front":"Explain the importance of taking a large number of samples in ecological studies.","back":"Taking a large number of samples is important to ensure the data collected is representative of the population and provides reliable statistics.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In ecological studies, a larger sample size enhances the accuracy of findings by capturing variability within populations. It reduces the influence of outliers and increases the power of statistical tests, leading to more robust conclusions about species distribution, behavior, and ecosystem health. This ultimately informs conservation efforts.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7AzuS","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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