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Carbohydrates

A-Level AQA Biology

This pack of flashcards covers the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry, focusing on the structure and synthesis of carbohydrates. It includes definitions of monomers and polymers, explanations of condensation and hydrolysis reactions, and the classification and formation of carbohydrates, including their monosaccharide monomers.

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"Define Monomers"	"Monomers are small, single units that act as the building blocks to create larger molecules."
"Define Polymers"	"Polymers are made up of many monomers, usually thousands, chemically bonded together."
"Describe a condensation reaction"	"A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of water from monomers, enabling a chemical bond to form between the monomers."
"Describe a hydrolysis reaction"	"A hydrolysis reaction is the opposite of a condensation reaction. A water molecule is added between two bonded monomers (within a dimer or polymer) to break the chemical bond."
"Define Carbohydrates"	"Carbohydrates are key biological molecules that store energy and can provide structural support to plant cells."
"How are larger carbohydrates, such as sucrose and starch, formed?"	"Larger carbohydrates, such as sucrose and starch, are made from monosaccharides."
"Describe the monomers of carbohydrates and their functions."	"The monomers of carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides, which include glucose, galactose, and fructose. They are all sugars that are soluble in water. Their functions are either to provide energy or they are building blocks to create other molecules."
"Define the general formula for a monosaccharide and what does 'n' represent in this formula."	"The general formula for a monosaccharide is CnH2nOn, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms it contains."
"How do α glucose and β glucose differ structurally?"	"α glucose and β glucose only differ structurally on one of their carbon atoms. It is the carbon atom that the H and OH swap position on."
"Do all carbohydrates contain the same three elements? If so, what are they?"	"Yes, all carbohydrates contain the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)."
"Which type of carbohydrates are classified as sugars?"	"Monosaccharides and disaccharides are the types of carbohydrates that are classified as sugars."

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Define Monomers

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Monomers are small, single units that act as the building blocks to create larger molecules.

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[{"id":1273234,"front":"Define Monomers","back":"Monomers are small, single units that act as the building blocks to create larger molecules.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Monomers are essential components in the formation of larger molecules. They are small, individual units that possess the ability to chemically bond with other monomers, forming polymers. This process, known as polymerization, allows for the creation of complex structures and diverse macromolecules with unique properties and functions. Monomers play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as protein synthesis and DNA replication, as well as in the production of synthetic materials like plastics.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273239,"front":"Define Polymers","back":"Polymers are made up of many monomers, usually thousands, chemically bonded together.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These monomers are connected through chemical bonds to form long chains or networks. The number of monomers in a polymer can range from a few to thousands, giving polymers their unique properties. Polymers can be found in various natural and synthetic materials, such as plastics, rubber, and proteins. The bonding between monomers in a polymer is typically covalent, ensuring the stability and strength of the overall structure.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273243,"front":"Describe a condensation reaction","back":"A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of water from monomers, enabling a chemical bond to form between the monomers.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction where water is removed from monomers, allowing them to form a chemical bond. This process is important in the formation of polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids. By removing water, the monomers can join together, resulting in the formation of larger molecules. This reaction is often facilitated by enzymes and is crucial for the synthesis of complex biological molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273248,"front":"Describe a hydrolysis reaction","back":"A hydrolysis reaction is the opposite of a condensation reaction. A water molecule is added between two bonded monomers (within a dimer or polymer) to break the chemical bond.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a chemical bond by the addition of a water molecule. It is the reverse of a condensation reaction, where a water molecule is removed to form a bond. In hydrolysis, the water molecule is added between two bonded monomers, such as within a dimer or polymer, causing the bond to break and resulting in the formation of two separate molecules. This process is commonly used in biological systems to break down complex molecules into simpler ones for energy release or recycling.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273250,"front":"Define Carbohydrates","back":"Carbohydrates are key biological molecules that store energy and can provide structural support to plant cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Carbohydrates are essential molecules in biology, serving as a major source of energy for organisms. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. In addition to energy storage, carbohydrates also play a role in providing structural support to plant cells. They come in various forms, including sugars, starches, and fibers, and are found in a wide range of foods such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273254,"front":"How are larger carbohydrates, such as sucrose and starch, formed?","back":"Larger carbohydrates, such as sucrose and starch, are made from monosaccharides.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Larger carbohydrates like sucrose and starch are formed through a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis. This process involves the joining of two or more monosaccharide molecules, such as glucose or fructose, by removing a water molecule. This reaction forms a glycosidic bond, resulting in the formation of larger carbohydrates.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273260,"front":"Describe the monomers of carbohydrates and their functions.","back":"The monomers of carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides, which include glucose, galactose, and fructose. They are all sugars that are soluble in water. Their functions are either to provide energy or they are building blocks to create other molecules.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of monosaccharides. These sugars are soluble in water. Monosaccharides serve two main functions: providing energy and acting as building blocks for the synthesis of other molecules. They are a crucial source of energy for cells and are used in various metabolic processes. Additionally, monosaccharides can be linked together through dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides and polysaccharides, which have different functions in the body.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273266,"front":"Define the general formula for a monosaccharide and what does 'n' represent in this formula.","back":"The general formula for a monosaccharide is CnH2nOn, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms it contains.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The general formula for a monosaccharide is CnH2nOn. This formula represents the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a monosaccharide molecule. The 'n' in the formula represents the number of carbon atoms present in the monosaccharide. The presence of 'n' allows for the representation of different monosaccharides with varying numbers of carbon atoms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273272,"front":"How do α glucose and β glucose differ structurally?","back":"α glucose and β glucose only differ structurally on one of their carbon atoms. It is the carbon atom that the H and OH swap position on.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"α glucose and β glucose differ structurally due to the position of the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the first carbon atom. In α glucose, the hydroxyl group is positioned below the ring, while in β glucose, it is positioned above the ring. This difference in orientation affects the overall shape and stability of the glucose molecule.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273279,"front":"Do all carbohydrates contain the same three elements? If so, what are they?","back":"Yes, all carbohydrates contain the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Yes, all carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These elements are essential for the structure and function of carbohydrates. Carbon provides the backbone of the molecule, while hydrogen and oxygen are involved in the formation of the various functional groups. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrates is typically 2:1, which is why the general formula for carbohydrates is often represented as (CH2O)n.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1273284,"front":"Which type of carbohydrates are classified as sugars?","back":"Monosaccharides and disaccharides are the types of carbohydrates that are classified as sugars.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Monosaccharides and disaccharides are classified as sugars because they are the simplest forms of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules, such as glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose. These sugars are easily broken down by the body for energy.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Aiiut","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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