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Define 'genetic diversity'.

Genetic diversity refers to the number of different alleles in a population.

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"Define 'genetic diversity'."	"Genetic diversity refers to the number of different alleles in a population."
"Explain the concept of a 'gene pool'."	"A gene pool is the collection of all genes and alleles in a population at a particular time."
"What is 'allele frequency'?"	"The proportion of organisms within the population carrying a particular allele is known as the allele frequency."
"How does genetic diversity enable natural selection?"	"The genetic diversity of a population provides a range of traits. If the environment changes, some of these traits may provide an advantage, allowing those individuals to survive and reproduce. This is the basis of natural selection."
"Describe the process of natural selection."	"Natural selection is the process that leads to evolution within a population. It involves random mutations introducing genetic variation to the population. Some mutations provide organisms with an advantage to survive in their environment. The new allele provides a reproductive selective advantage, so the individual with the allele is more likely to reproduce and pass the allele onto their offspring. Over many generations, there will be an increase in the frequency of this allele within the population."
"Define 'adaptations' and provide examples of each type."	"Adaptations are traits that improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. They can be classified as anatomical, physiological, or behavioral. An example of an anatomical adaptation is the spikes on a hedgehog. An example of a physiological adaptation is hedgehogs hibernating and slowing their metabolic reactions in winter."
"Describe the concept of a mutation."	"A mutation is a change in the DNA structure."
"Define stabilizing selection and provide an example."	"Stabilizing selection is when the middle trait has the selective advantage and therefore continues to be most frequent in the population. An example is human birth weight, where a middling birth weight is the selective advantage."
"Explain directional selection and give an example."	"Directional selection is when one of the extreme traits has the selective advantage. An example of this is antibiotic resistance in bacteria, where a random mutation creates an allele that provides bacteria in a population resistance to an antibiotic."
"How does selection affect the frequency of alleles in a population?"	"Selection causes some alleles to become more frequent in a population, while others may be lost. Selection pressures, such as the type of food available, determine which alleles are successful."
"Define the concept of antibiotic resistance in bacteria."	"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria refers to the ability of bacteria to survive and multiply in the presence of an antibiotic that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. This resistance is often due to a specific resistance allele that the bacteria carry and can pass on to subsequent generations."
"Describe the aseptic technique used in growing bacteria."	"Aseptic technique is a method used to prevent contamination from microorganisms. It involves growing microbes in sterile conditions, which includes disinfecting all surfaces, washing hands with soap, and sterilizing all equipment. Bacteria are evenly spread over a petri dish filled with agar under these sterile conditions."
"How is antibiotic resistance tested in bacteria?"	"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is tested by growing the bacteria using aseptic technique and exposing them to different antibiotics. Paper discs soaked in different antibiotics are placed on a petri dish where the bacteria have been spread. After an incubation period, any clear zones around the paper discs, or inhibition zones, indicate that the bacteria have been killed by the antibiotic."
"How is the effectiveness of an antibiotic determined in an antibiotic resistance test?"	"The effectiveness of an antibiotic is determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone around the antibiotic-soaked disc. The larger the diameter of the inhibition zone, the more effective the antibiotic is at killing the bacteria."
"What does the absence of an inhibition zone around an antibiotic-soaked disc indicate in an antibiotic resistance test?"	"The absence of an inhibition zone around an antibiotic-soaked disc in an antibiotic resistance test indicates that the antibiotic did not kill the bacteria, suggesting that the bacteria are resistant to that particular antibiotic."

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Genetic diversity refers to the number of different alleles in a population.

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It is a key factor in maintaining a healthy and sustainable population.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329219,"front":"Explain the concept of a 'gene pool'.","back":"A gene pool is the collection of all genes and alleles in a population at a particular time.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The gene pool represents the genetic diversity within a population, influencing its ability to adapt to environmental changes. It serves as the reservoir from which traits are inherited and can impact the overall health and survival of a species over time.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329220,"front":"What is 'allele frequency'?","back":"The proportion of organisms within the population carrying a particular allele is known as the allele frequency.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Allele frequency is a crucial concept in population genetics, influencing genetic diversity and evolution. It is used to study inheritance patterns, genetic drift, and natural selection within a population. Changes in allele frequencies over time can indicate evolutionary processes at work.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329229,"front":"How does genetic diversity enable natural selection?","back":"The genetic diversity of a population provides a range of traits. If the environment changes, some of these traits may provide an advantage, allowing those individuals to survive and reproduce. This is the basis of natural selection.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Genetic diversity increases the likelihood of a population having individuals with advantageous traits when faced with environmental changes. Natural selection acts on this variation, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction, driving the adaptation of species over time.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329230,"front":"Describe the process of natural selection.","back":"Natural selection is the process that leads to evolution within a population. It involves random mutations introducing genetic variation to the population. Some mutations provide organisms with an advantage to survive in their environment. The new allele provides a reproductive selective advantage, so the individual with the allele is more likely to reproduce and pass the allele onto their offspring. Over many generations, there will be an increase in the frequency of this allele within the population.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Natural selection is a fundamental mechanism of evolution driven by genetic variations that offer advantages for survival and reproduction. Over time, these advantageous traits become more prevalent in a population, shaping its characteristics to better suit the environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329231,"front":"Define 'adaptations' and provide examples of each type.","back":"Adaptations are traits that improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. They can be classified as anatomical, physiological, or behavioral. An example of an anatomical adaptation is the spikes on a hedgehog. An example of a physiological adaptation is hedgehogs hibernating and slowing their metabolic reactions in winter.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Adaptations are crucial for species survival. Anatomical adaptations involve physical features like the hedgehog's spikes. Physiological adaptations, such as hibernation in hedgehogs, affect internal processes. Behavioral adaptations, like migration patterns, impact actions for survival.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329232,"front":"Describe the concept of a mutation.","back":"A mutation is a change in the DNA structure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mutations can be caused by various factors like environmental influences or errors during DNA replication. They can lead to genetic diversity, evolution, or diseases. Understanding mutations is crucial in fields like genetics, medicine, and evolutionary biology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329233,"front":"Define stabilizing selection and provide an example.","back":"Stabilizing selection is when the middle trait has the selective advantage and therefore continues to be most frequent in the population. An example is human birth weight, where a middling birth weight is the selective advantage.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Stabilizing selection maintains the status quo by favoring the intermediate phenotype, reducing extremes. This process is common in stable environments where extremes are less advantageous. Human birth weight exemplifies this, as both very low and very high birth weights can pose risks, favoring a moderate weight.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329234,"front":"Explain directional selection and give an example.","back":"Directional selection is when one of the extreme traits has the selective advantage. An example of this is antibiotic resistance in bacteria, where a random mutation creates an allele that provides bacteria in a population resistance to an antibiotic.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Directional selection occurs when a particular trait at one end of the spectrum is favored over others, leading to a shift in the population's characteristics. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria exemplifies this as the resistant allele becomes predominant due to its advantage in surviving antibiotic exposure.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329235,"front":"How does selection affect the frequency of alleles in a population?","back":"Selection causes some alleles to become more frequent in a population, while others may be lost. Selection pressures, such as the type of food available, determine which alleles are successful.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Selection acts as a filter, favoring alleles that provide a survival or reproductive advantage in a given environment. This process leads to the increase in frequency of advantageous alleles over time, shaping the genetic makeup of a population based on the selective pressures it faces.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329241,"front":"Define the concept of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.","back":"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria refers to the ability of bacteria to survive and multiply in the presence of an antibiotic that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. This resistance is often due to a specific resistance allele that the bacteria carry and can pass on to subsequent generations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a concerning phenomenon as it reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics, leading to treatment failures. The presence of resistance genes allows bacteria to withstand the effects of antibiotics, posing a significant threat to public health globally. Efforts to combat this issue include promoting responsible antibiotic use and developing new treatment strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329252,"front":"Describe the aseptic technique used in growing bacteria.","back":"Aseptic technique is a method used to prevent contamination from microorganisms. It involves growing microbes in sterile conditions, which includes disinfecting all surfaces, washing hands with soap, and sterilizing all equipment. Bacteria are evenly spread over a petri dish filled with agar under these sterile conditions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Aseptic technique is crucial in microbiology to ensure pure bacterial cultures. Sterilization of equipment and surfaces minimizes contamination risks. Even distribution of bacteria on agar plates aids in isolating and studying individual colonies. Handwashing and disinfection maintain a sterile environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329265,"front":"How is antibiotic resistance tested in bacteria?","back":"Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is tested by growing the bacteria using aseptic technique and exposing them to different antibiotics. Paper discs soaked in different antibiotics are placed on a petri dish where the bacteria have been spread. After an incubation period, any clear zones around the paper discs, or inhibition zones, indicate that the bacteria have been killed by the antibiotic.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Testing antibiotic resistance in bacteria involves the use of a method called the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. This technique helps determine the effectiveness of specific antibiotics against the bacteria being tested. The clear zones around the antibiotic discs indicate the bacteria's susceptibility or resistance to the antibiotics.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329274,"front":"How is the effectiveness of an antibiotic determined in an antibiotic resistance test?","back":"The effectiveness of an antibiotic is determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone around the antibiotic-soaked disc. The larger the diameter of the inhibition zone, the more effective the antibiotic is at killing the bacteria.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The diameter of the inhibition zone is a direct indicator of how well the antibiotic is able to inhibit bacterial growth. A larger zone suggests the antibiotic is more effective in killing bacteria, while a smaller zone indicates potential resistance. This method helps in selecting the most appropriate antibiotic for treatment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329280,"front":"What does the absence of an inhibition zone around an antibiotic-soaked disc indicate in an antibiotic resistance test?","back":"The absence of an inhibition zone around an antibiotic-soaked disc in an antibiotic resistance test indicates that the antibiotic did not kill the bacteria, suggesting that the bacteria are resistant to that particular antibiotic.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The absence of an inhibition zone around an antibiotic-soaked disc suggests that the bacteria were not affected by the antibiotic, indicating potential resistance. This resistance could be due to various mechanisms like altered drug targets, efflux pumps, or enzyme inactivation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"sr1Kt","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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