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Define meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.

Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates genetically different gametes. Unlike in mitosis, there are two nuclear divisions in this process, which results in four haploid daughter cells.

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"Define meiosis and how it differs from mitosis."	"Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates genetically different gametes. Unlike in mitosis, there are two nuclear divisions in this process, which results in four haploid daughter cells."
"Describe the two key processes in meiosis that introduce genetic differences."	"The two key processes in meiosis that introduce genetic differences are independent segregation of homologous chromosomes and crossing over between homologous chromosomes."
"Explain the process of crossing over during meiosis."	"During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become thicker. The homologous chromosomes pair to form bivalents. Crossing over of genetic material can occur between the chromatids of bivalents. Where the chromatids cross over is called the chiasma. Breaks can occur in the genetic material, and parts of the chromatids are exchanged between the homologous pairs. This results in new combinations of alleles in the resulting gamete."
"What happens during metaphase I in meiosis I?"	"During metaphase I, in meiosis I, the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up opposite each other on either side of the equator."
"Define the terms 'haploid' and 'diploid'."	"Haploid (n) refers to a cell that has one copy of each chromosome, while diploid (2n) refers to a cell that has two copies of each chromosome."
"Describe the stages involved in meiosis."	"The stages in meiosis include interphase (where the DNA and organelles double), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. These stages occur twice, referred to as meiosis I and meiosis II, due to the two nuclear divisions in meiosis."
"Describe the process of assortment of homologous pairs during gamete formation."	"There are 23 different homologous pairs, and there are 8,388,608 different ways the pairs could assort themselves (2 to the power of 23). It is random each time which side of the equator the paternal and maternal chromosome of each homologous pair align at the equator, and as a result, each gamete receives different combinations of the maternal and paternal chromosomes."
"Define a mutation in the context of genetics."	"A mutation is a change in the DNA, and this could result in a non-functioning protein being created. However, some mutations result in the creation of a protein that provides an advantage to an organism. All alleles of genes are a result of a mutation."
"What are the two key types of mutations?"	"The two key types of mutations are mutations in the bases of a particular gene or mutations in the number of chromosomes."
"How do gene mutations occur and what can increase their likelihood?"	"Gene mutations randomly occur during DNA replication. These random mutations are more likely to occur if you are exposed to mutagenic agents, which can interfere with DNA replication. These include high-energy radiation (UV light), ionizing radiation (Gamma rays and X rays), and chemicals (carcinogens such as mustard gas and cigarette smoke)."
"Explain the difference between a base substitution mutation and a base deletion mutation."	"A base substitution mutation is when a base in the DNA sequence is replaced by a different one. A base deletion mutation is when a base is removed from the DNA sequence. The latter often results in a frameshift, changing all subsequent codons and potentially incorrectly coding for multiple amino acids."
"Describe chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis."	"Chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis is when the chromosomes or chromatids do not split equally during anaphase. This can result in changes in the number or structure of whole chromosomes."
"Define polyploidy."	"Polyploidy is a condition that occurs when organisms have three or more sets of chromosomes rather than the usual two. This condition mainly occurs in plants."
"How does non-disjunction affect the number of chromosomes in a zygote?"	"Non-disjunction can result in a gamete having one more or one fewer chromosomes. On fertilization with a gamete that has the normal number of chromosomes, the resultant zygote will have more or fewer chromosomes than normal in all their body cells."
"Explain the relationship between UV light and mutations."	"UV light is a mutagenic agent, which can cause mutations to occur in DNA. It does not directly affect the protein that the cell makes."
"Define a mutation."	"A mutation is a change in the structure of DNA."
"What causes mutations?"	"Errors during DNA replication cause mutations."

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Define meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.

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Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates genetically different gametes. Unlike in mitosis, there are two nuclear divisions in this process, which results in four haploid daughter cells.

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[{"id":1328980,"front":"Define meiosis and how it differs from mitosis.","back":"Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates genetically different gametes. Unlike in mitosis, there are two nuclear divisions in this process, which results in four haploid daughter cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Meiosis is a form of cell division that produces genetically diverse gametes, unlike mitosis. It involves two rounds of nuclear division, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. This process is crucial for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1328981,"front":"Describe the two key processes in meiosis that introduce genetic differences.","back":"The two key processes in meiosis that introduce genetic differences are independent segregation of homologous chromosomes and crossing over between homologous chromosomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Independent segregation of homologous chromosomes and crossing over between homologous chromosomes are crucial in meiosis as they lead to genetic variation. Independent segregation ensures random assortment of chromosomes, while crossing over results in the exchange of genetic material, both contributing to genetic diversity in offspring.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329007,"front":"Explain the process of crossing over during meiosis.","back":"During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become thicker. The homologous chromosomes pair to form bivalents. Crossing over of genetic material can occur between the chromatids of bivalents. Where the chromatids cross over is called the chiasma. Breaks can occur in the genetic material, and parts of the chromatids are exchanged between the homologous pairs. This results in new combinations of alleles in the resulting gamete.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Crossing over during meiosis occurs during prophase when homologous chromosomes pair to form bivalents. Genetic material can then be exchanged between chromatids at the chiasma, resulting in new allele combinations in gametes. This process increases genetic diversity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329030,"front":"What happens during metaphase I in meiosis I?","back":"During metaphase I, in meiosis I, the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up opposite each other on either side of the equator.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"During metaphase I of meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the cell's equator. This alignment is crucial for the subsequent separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I. It ensures that each resulting daughter cell receives one chromosome from each homologous pair.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329058,"front":"Define the terms 'haploid' and 'diploid'.","back":"Haploid (n) refers to a cell that has one copy of each chromosome, while diploid (2n) refers to a cell that has two copies of each chromosome.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Haploid and diploid are fundamental concepts in genetics. Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes, typical of gametes, while diploid cells have two sets, typical of somatic cells. This distinction is crucial for understanding genetic inheritance and cell division processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329072,"front":"Describe the stages involved in meiosis.","back":"The stages in meiosis include interphase (where the DNA and organelles double), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. These stages occur twice, referred to as meiosis I and meiosis II, due to the two nuclear divisions in meiosis.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes. It involves two rounds of division, known as meiosis I and meiosis II. During interphase, DNA and organelles replicate. Prophase I involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over. Metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I involve the separation of homologous chromosomes. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, with prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II resulting in the separation of sister chromatids. Cytokinesis then occurs, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329082,"front":"Describe the process of assortment of homologous pairs during gamete formation.","back":"There are 23 different homologous pairs, and there are 8,388,608 different ways the pairs could assort themselves (2 to the power of 23). It is random each time which side of the equator the paternal and maternal chromosome of each homologous pair align at the equator, and as a result, each gamete receives different combinations of the maternal and paternal chromosomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"During gamete formation, homologous pairs align randomly at the equator, leading to unique combinations in each gamete. With 23 pairs, there are numerous possible assortments, resulting in genetic diversity. This random assortment ensures each gamete has a distinct genetic makeup.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329083,"front":"Define a mutation in the context of genetics.","back":"A mutation is a change in the DNA, and this could result in a non-functioning protein being created. However, some mutations result in the creation of a protein that provides an advantage to an organism. All alleles of genes are a result of a mutation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mutations are essential for genetic diversity and evolution. They can be caused by various factors like environmental influences or errors during DNA replication. Mutations can lead to genetic disorders but also drive adaptation and survival in changing environments.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329084,"front":"What are the two key types of mutations?","back":"The two key types of mutations are mutations in the bases of a particular gene or mutations in the number of chromosomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mutations in the bases of a gene, known as point mutations, involve changes in a single nucleotide. These can result in different amino acids being coded for, affecting protein structure and function. Mutations in the number of chromosomes, known as chromosomal mutations, involve changes in the structure or number of whole chromosomes. These can lead to genetic disorders or developmental abnormalities. Both types of mutations can have significant impacts on an organism's phenotype and overall health.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329090,"front":"How do gene mutations occur and what can increase their likelihood?","back":"Gene mutations randomly occur during DNA replication. These random mutations are more likely to occur if you are exposed to mutagenic agents, which can interfere with DNA replication. These include high-energy radiation (UV light), ionizing radiation (Gamma rays and X rays), and chemicals (carcinogens such as mustard gas and cigarette smoke).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Gene mutations can happen during DNA replication due to errors in copying genetic material. Exposure to mutagenic agents like UV light, gamma rays, X-rays, and certain chemicals can increase mutation likelihood. These agents can disrupt DNA replication, leading to errors in the genetic code.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329094,"front":"Explain the difference between a base substitution mutation and a base deletion mutation.","back":"A base substitution mutation is when a base in the DNA sequence is replaced by a different one. A base deletion mutation is when a base is removed from the DNA sequence. The latter often results in a frameshift, changing all subsequent codons and potentially incorrectly coding for multiple amino acids.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Base substitution mutations involve the replacement of one base with another, potentially leading to changes in a single amino acid. In contrast, base deletion mutations entail the removal of a base, causing a frameshift that alters subsequent codons and can affect multiple amino acids downstream.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329109,"front":"Describe chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis.","back":"Chromosome non-disjunction during meiosis is when the chromosomes or chromatids do not split equally during anaphase. This can result in changes in the number or structure of whole chromosomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chromosome non-disjunction in meiosis leads to an unequal distribution of chromosomes, causing an abnormal number in resulting gametes. This can lead to genetic disorders like Down syndrome due to an extra chromosome. It highlights the importance of proper chromosome segregation for genetic stability.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329113,"front":"Define polyploidy.","back":"Polyploidy is a condition that occurs when organisms have three or more sets of chromosomes rather than the usual two. This condition mainly occurs in plants.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Polyploidy can result from errors in cell division or hybridization. It often leads to increased genetic diversity and can confer advantages such as adaptability to different environments. Polyploid plants may exhibit larger size, altered flowering times, and enhanced disease resistance.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329121,"front":"How does non-disjunction affect the number of chromosomes in a zygote?","back":"Non-disjunction can result in a gamete having one more or one fewer chromosomes. On fertilization with a gamete that has the normal number of chromosomes, the resultant zygote will have more or fewer chromosomes than normal in all their body cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Non-disjunction is a genetic error that can occur during meiosis, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. When a gamete with an extra or missing chromosome fuses with a normal gamete during fertilization, the resulting zygote will have an abnormal number of chromosomes in all of its cells. This can lead to genetic disorders and developmental abnormalities in the individual.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329125,"front":"Explain the relationship between UV light and mutations.","back":"UV light is a mutagenic agent, which can cause mutations to occur in DNA. It does not directly affect the protein that the cell makes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"UV light is a type of radiation that can penetrate the skin and interact with DNA molecules, leading to changes in the genetic information. These changes can result in mutations, affecting the instructions encoded in the DNA without directly impacting the proteins produced by the cell. UV-induced mutations can have various consequences, including potential health risks such as skin cancer.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329128,"front":"Define a mutation.","back":"A mutation is a change in the structure of DNA.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mutations can be caused by various factors like environmental agents or errors during DNA replication. They can lead to genetic diversity, evolution, or diseases. Understanding mutations is crucial in fields like genetics, medicine, and evolutionary biology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329131,"front":"What causes mutations?","back":"Errors during DNA replication cause mutations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mutations can occur due to errors during DNA replication. DNA replication is a complex process where the DNA molecule is copied to produce new cells. However, sometimes mistakes happen, such as incorrect base pairings or deletions/insertions of nucleotides. These errors can lead to changes in the DNA sequence, resulting in mutations. Mutations can also be caused by external factors like exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, which can damage the DNA and disrupt the replication process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"I8gyK","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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