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Nucleic Acids & Inorganic Ions

A-Level AQA Biology

This pack of flashcards encompasses the functions and roles of various ions (hydrogen, iron, sodium, and phosphate) in biological systems, the structure and significance of ATP as an immediate energy source, processes like ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation, and the unique attributes of ATP compared to glucose in cellular metabolism.

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"Define the process of ATP hydrolysis."	"ATP hydrolysis is the process where ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by a hydrolysis reaction and the enzyme ATP hydrolase."
"Why can't ATP pass out of the cell and how does this benefit the cell?"	"ATP can't pass out of the cell, ensuring the cell always has an immediate supply of energy. This is different from glucose, which can leave the cell, potentially causing the cell to run out of glucose."
"Define the process of phosphorylation and its relation to ATP."	"Phosphorylation is a process where ATP can transfer energy to another molecule by transferring one of its phosphate groups. This makes other compounds more reactive. Glucose cannot do this, as it does not contain phosphate groups."
"Explain the process of energy release from ATP and how it differs from glucose."	"Only one bond in ATP is broken or hydrolyzed to release energy, which is why energy release is immediate. In contrast, glucose would need several bonds to be broken down to release all its energy."
"How does the size and solubility of ATP benefit its function within a cell?"	"ATP is small and soluble, allowing it to be easily transported around the cell. It can move around the cytoplasm with ease to provide energy for chemical reactions within the cell."
"Describe how ATP releases energy compared to glucose."	"ATP releases energy in small, manageable amounts so no energy is wasted. This means that cells do not overheat from wasted heat energy, and cells are less likely to run out of resources. In comparison, glucose would release large amounts of energy that could result in wasted energy."
"Define phosphorylation in the context of ATP."	"Phosphorylation is the process where the inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP is bonded onto completely different compounds to make them more reactive. This happens to glucose at the start of respiration to make it more reactive."
"Why is ATP considered an immediate energy source?"	"ATP is considered an immediate energy source because only one bond has to be hydrolyzed to release energy. As ATP cannot be stored, this energy release occurs straight away."
"Explain the significance of the bonds between the inorganic phosphate groups in ATP."	"The bonds between the inorganic phosphate groups in ATP are high energy bonds. By breaking one of these bonds, a small amount of energy is released which can be used in chemical reactions."
"Describe the role of Hydrogen ions in organisms' cytoplasm."	"Hydrogen ions are relevant when considering enzymes and proteins denaturing, increasing heart rate, and the Bohr effect on hemoglobin."
"How is ATP made during respiration?"	"ATP is made from ADP, adenosine diphosphate, by the addition of an inorganic phosphate via a condensation reaction and using the enzyme ATP synthase."
"Describe the chemical symbol for inorganic phosphate."	"The chemical symbol for inorganic phosphate is represented as Pi, where P stands for phosphate and i for inorganic."
"Describe the structure of ATP."	"ATP is comprised of adenine, a nitrogenous base (meaning a base that contains nitrogen), ribose (a pentose sugar), and three inorganic phosphate groups."
"What makes ATP unique compared to other molecules that release energy?"	"The emphasis is on ATP being an IMMEDIATE energy source. This is what is unique about ATP compared to other molecules that release energy, such as glucose."
"What is ATP and why is it essential to metabolism?"	"ATP, or Adenosine Triphosphate, is an immediate source of energy for biological processes. Metabolic reactions in cells require a constant, steady supply of ATP."
"Explain the role of Phosphate ions as components of DNA and of ATP."	"Phosphate ions are relevant to DNA, RNA, and ATP structure."
"How do Sodium ions contribute to the co-transport of glucose and amino acids?"	"Sodium ions are relevant in the absorption of glucose and resting/action potential in the nervous systems."
"Define the function of Iron ions in the cytoplasm of organisms."	"Iron ions act as a component of hemoglobin, linking to quaternary structure proteins and the function of hemoglobin."

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Define the process of ATP hydrolysis.

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ATP hydrolysis is the process where ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by a hydrolysis reaction and the enzyme ATP hydrolase.

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[{"id":1274528,"front":"Define the process of ATP hydrolysis.","back":"ATP hydrolysis is the process where ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by a hydrolysis reaction and the enzyme ATP hydrolase.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis is a crucial cellular process that provides energy for various biological activities. It involves the breaking of ATP molecules into ADP and inorganic phosphate through a hydrolysis reaction. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase. The release of energy during ATP hydrolysis is used to power cellular processes such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of macromolecules. This process is essential for maintaining the energy balance in cells and ensuring the proper functioning of various biological systems.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274564,"front":"Why can't ATP pass out of the cell and how does this benefit the cell?","back":"ATP can't pass out of the cell, ensuring the cell always has an immediate supply of energy. This is different from glucose, which can leave the cell, potentially causing the cell to run out of glucose.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":1,"explanation":"ATP cannot pass out of the cell because it is a large and charged molecule that cannot freely diffuse across the cell membrane. This benefits the cell by ensuring that it always has a readily available supply of energy for cellular processes. Unlike glucose, which can leave the cell, ATP remains inside, preventing the cell from running out of its immediate energy source.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274554,"front":"Define the process of phosphorylation and its relation to ATP.","back":"Phosphorylation is a process where ATP can transfer energy to another molecule by transferring one of its phosphate groups. This makes other compounds more reactive. Glucose cannot do this, as it does not contain phosphate groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":2,"explanation":"Phosphorylation is a crucial process in which ATP transfers energy to another molecule by donating one of its phosphate groups. This transfer of phosphate group makes the recipient molecule more reactive and able to participate in various cellular processes. Glucose, for example, lacks phosphate groups and therefore cannot undergo phosphorylation. This highlights the significance of phosphorylation in energy transfer and metabolic reactions within cells.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274544,"front":"Explain the process of energy release from ATP and how it differs from glucose.","back":"Only one bond in ATP is broken or hydrolyzed to release energy, which is why energy release is immediate. In contrast, glucose would need several bonds to be broken down to release all its energy.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":3,"explanation":"ATP releases energy through the hydrolysis of a single phosphate bond, allowing for immediate energy release. In contrast, glucose requires the breakdown of multiple bonds to release its energy, resulting in a slower energy release process. This difference in bond structure accounts for the varying rates of energy release between ATP and glucose.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274538,"front":"How does the size and solubility of ATP benefit its function within a cell?","back":"ATP is small and soluble, allowing it to be easily transported around the cell. It can move around the cytoplasm with ease to provide energy for chemical reactions within the cell.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":4,"explanation":"ATP's small size and solubility are advantageous for its role in cellular energy transfer. Its small size enables easy transport within the cell, while solubility allows it to move freely in the aqueous environment, facilitating energy provision for various cellular processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274537,"front":"Describe how ATP releases energy compared to glucose.","back":"ATP releases energy in small, manageable amounts so no energy is wasted. This means that cells do not overheat from wasted heat energy, and cells are less likely to run out of resources. In comparison, glucose would release large amounts of energy that could result in wasted energy.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":5,"explanation":"ATP releases energy in small, manageable amounts, preventing wastage and overheating in cells. This efficient energy release ensures cells have a steady supply and reduces the risk of resource depletion. In contrast, glucose's larger energy release may lead to wastage and potential resource depletion.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274533,"front":"Define phosphorylation in the context of ATP.","back":"Phosphorylation is the process where the inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP is bonded onto completely different compounds to make them more reactive. This happens to glucose at the start of respiration to make it more reactive.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":6,"explanation":"Phosphorylation in the context of ATP involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, making it more reactive. This process is crucial in cellular energy transfer and regulation of metabolic pathways, such as the initial phosphorylation of glucose in cellular respiration.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274530,"front":"Why is ATP considered an immediate energy source?","back":"ATP is considered an immediate energy source because only one bond has to be hydrolyzed to release energy. As ATP cannot be stored, this energy release occurs straight away.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":7,"explanation":"ATP is an immediate energy source due to its high-energy phosphate bonds, allowing rapid energy release when hydrolyzed. This quick energy availability is crucial for cellular processes, as ATP cannot be stored and must be generated as needed.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274529,"front":"Explain the significance of the bonds between the inorganic phosphate groups in ATP.","back":"The bonds between the inorganic phosphate groups in ATP are high energy bonds. By breaking one of these bonds, a small amount of energy is released which can be used in chemical reactions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":8,"explanation":"The bonds between the inorganic phosphate groups in ATP are significant due to their high energy content. When one of these bonds is broken, a small amount of energy is released, which can be utilized in various cellular processes, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274491,"front":"Describe the role of Hydrogen ions in organisms' cytoplasm.","back":"Hydrogen ions are relevant when considering enzymes and proteins denaturing, increasing heart rate, and the Bohr effect on hemoglobin.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":9,"explanation":"Hydrogen ions play a crucial role in organisms' cytoplasm. They are involved in the regulation of enzyme activity and protein structure. Changes in hydrogen ion concentration can lead to denaturation of enzymes and proteins. Additionally, hydrogen ions are involved in physiological processes such as increasing heart rate. They also influence the binding and release of oxygen by hemoglobin through the Bohr effect. Overall, hydrogen ions have diverse functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis and supporting various biological processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274527,"front":"How is ATP made during respiration?","back":"ATP is made from ADP, adenosine diphosphate, by the addition of an inorganic phosphate via a condensation reaction and using the enzyme ATP synthase.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":10,"explanation":"During respiration, ATP is produced through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain, leading to the generation of a proton gradient. ATP synthase then utilizes this gradient to convert ADP to ATP through chemiosmosis. This process is essential for providing energy for cellular functions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274526,"front":"Describe the chemical symbol for inorganic phosphate.","back":"The chemical symbol for inorganic phosphate is represented as Pi, where P stands for phosphate and i for inorganic.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":11,"explanation":"The chemical symbol for inorganic phosphate is Pi, where P represents phosphate and i stands for inorganic. This symbol is used in biochemistry and molecular biology to denote inorganic phosphate in various chemical reactions and processes within living organisms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274524,"front":"Describe the structure of ATP.","back":"ATP is comprised of adenine, a nitrogenous base (meaning a base that contains nitrogen), ribose (a pentose sugar), and three inorganic phosphate groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":12,"explanation":"ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, a nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. The phosphate groups are crucial for its energy-carrying function. The structure allows for the release of energy when the terminal phosphate bond is broken.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274516,"front":"What makes ATP unique compared to other molecules that release energy?","back":"The emphasis is on ATP being an IMMEDIATE energy source. This is what is unique about ATP compared to other molecules that release energy, such as glucose.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":13,"explanation":"ATP is unique due to its immediate availability as an energy source. Unlike molecules like glucose, ATP can rapidly provide energy for cellular processes. This quick release of energy makes ATP essential for various biological functions, setting it apart from other energy-releasing molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274510,"front":"What is ATP and why is it essential to metabolism?","back":"ATP, or Adenosine Triphosphate, is an immediate source of energy for biological processes. Metabolic reactions in cells require a constant, steady supply of ATP.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":14,"explanation":"ATP is essential for metabolism because it serves as the primary energy currency in cells. It provides the energy needed for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and biosynthesis. Without ATP, cells would not be able to carry out essential functions required for life.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274504,"front":"Explain the role of Phosphate ions as components of DNA and of ATP.","back":"Phosphate ions are relevant to DNA, RNA, and ATP structure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":15,"explanation":"Phosphate ions play a crucial role in DNA and ATP as they form the backbone of the DNA double helix and are essential for the structure of ATP, the primary energy carrier in cells. In DNA, phosphate ions link the nucleotides together, while in ATP, they are involved in storing and transferring energy.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274500,"front":"How do Sodium ions contribute to the co-transport of glucose and amino acids?","back":"Sodium ions are relevant in the absorption of glucose and resting/action potential in the nervous systems.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":16,"explanation":"Sodium ions play a crucial role in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids due to their ability to create a concentration gradient. This gradient is essential for the secondary active transport of these molecules across cell membranes. Additionally, sodium ions are involved in the generation of resting and action potentials in the nervous system, which are vital for cellular communication.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1274496,"front":"Define the function of Iron ions in the cytoplasm of organisms.","back":"Iron ions act as a component of hemoglobin, linking to quaternary structure proteins and the function of hemoglobin.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":17,"explanation":"Iron ions are essential for the function of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood. They bind to the quaternary structure of hemoglobin, enabling it to effectively carry and release oxygen to tissues. This process is crucial for cellular respiration and overall organismal function.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"mZKUc","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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