Responses, Reflexes & MusclesFlashcards - AQA Biology

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Define the term 'stimulus' in the context of biology.

In biology, a 'stimulus' is a detectable change in the environment.

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"Define the term 'stimulus' in the context of biology."	"In biology, a 'stimulus' is a detectable change in the environment."
"What is the role of receptors in response to a stimulus?"	"Receptors are cells that detect changes in the environment, triggering a response."
"Describe the term 'effector' in the context of responses and reflexes."	"An 'effector' is the structure that causes the response to a stimulus. This can be muscles or glands."
"What is 'tropism' in the context of plant responses?"	"'Tropism' is the term given to when plants respond, via growth, to stimuli. Tropisms can be positive or negative, growing towards or away from a stimulus."
"What is the role of indoleacetic acid (IAA) in plant growth?"	"IAA is a type of auxin that controls cell elongation, influencing plant growth and response to stimuli."
"Explain the concept of 'positive phototropism'."	"'Positive phototropism' is when plant shoots grow and bend towards light. This is controlled by IAA, which causes cell elongation in shoots."
"What is 'negative phototropism' and how does it affect plant roots?"	"'Negative phototropism' is when plant roots bend away from light. In roots, a high concentration of IAA inhibits cell elongation, causing root cells to elongate more on the lighter side."
"How does IAA influence 'gravitoprism' in plant shoots?"	"In 'gravitoprism', IAA moves from the upper side to the lower side of a shoot. If a plant is vertical, this causes the plant cells to elongate and the plant grows upwards. If a plant is on its side, it will cause the shoot to bend upwards."
"Describe negative gravitropism."	"Negative gravitropism is a response where parts of a plant grow away from the direction of gravity."
"Define positive gravitropism."	"Positive gravitropism is a response where parts of a plant, such as roots, grow towards the direction of gravity to anchor the plant."
"What is taxis and its types?"	"Taxis is a simple response in which an organism moves its entire body towards a favorable stimulus (positive taxis) or away from an unfavorable stimulus (negative taxis)."
"Explain the concept of kinesis."	"Kinesis is a response where an organism changes the speed of movement and the rate it changes direction based on the stimuli in its environment."
"How do woodlice respond to water?"	"Woodlice respond to water through kinesis. If they move from a damp to a dry area, they turn rapidly to increase the probability of returning to the damp area. If they are in a completely dry area, they decrease their turning rate to move in a straight line and increase the chances of finding a new damp area."
"Define a simple reflex."	"A simple reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to danger that bypasses the brain. It is rapid because it only involves three neurons and therefore has few synapses."
"Describe the process of a reflex response when a stimulus is detected."	"Once the stimulus is detected by the receptor, an impulse is passed along the sensory neuron to a relay neuron, located in the spine. The relay neuron passes the impulse onto a motor neuron, which is connected to an effector. The effector, such as the muscles in your hand and arm, responds accordingly, for example by contracting to move your hand away from a hot object."
"Define the structure of a myofibril."	"Myofibrils are made up of fused cells that share nuclei and cytoplasm, known as sarcoplasm, and there is a high number of mitochondria. They are made up of two key types of protein, myosin and actin, that form a sarcomere."
"How do muscles act to create movement?"	"Muscles act in antagonistic pairs against an incompressible skeleton to create movement. This can be automatic as part of a reflex response or controlled by conscious thought. Muscle fibers are made up of millions of myofibrils, which collectively bring about the force to cause movement."
"Explain the Sliding Filament Theory."	"When an action potential reaches a muscle, it stimulates a response. Calcium ions enter and cause the protein tropomyosin to move and uncover the binding sites. The myosin head can bind to the binding site on the actin to form a cross-bridge, creating tension and pulling the actin filament along the myosin. An ATP molecule can then bind to the myosin head, causing it to change shape and detach from the actin. The enzyme ATPase, activated by the calcium ions, hydrolyzes the ATP on the myosin head into ADP, releasing enough energy for the myosin head to return to its original position."
"Describe the role of calcium ions in muscle stimulation."	"Calcium ions remain high during muscle stimulation, triggering a continual process that keeps the muscle active."
"Define the role of phosphocreatine in muscle activity."	"Phosphocreatine, stored in muscles, provides phosphate to regenerate ATP from ADP during times of high ATP demand, such as during anaerobic respiration."
"Differentiate between slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers."	"Slow-twitch fibers have a large store of myoglobin, a rich blood supply, and many mitochondria, making them suitable for endurance work. Fast-twitch fibers have more myosin filaments, a large store of glycogen, phosphocreatine, and a high concentration of enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration, making them suitable for intense exercise."
"What is the main growth factor in plants?"	"IAA"
"Define 'taxis' in the context of organism response."	"'Taxis' is the type of response when organisms move in one direction towards or away from a stimulus."
"Define 'kinesis' in the context of organism response."	"'Kinesis' is the type of response when an organism's rate and direction of movement changes in response to a stimulus."
"Name the two key proteins that make up muscle fibers."	"The two key proteins that make up muscle fibers are Actin and Myosin."
"Which ions are released into the sarcomere in response to an action potential?"	"Calcium ions are released into the sarcomere in response to an action potential."
"Identify the part of a simple reflex that detects a stimulus."	"The receptor is the part of a simple reflex that detects a stimulus."

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Define the term 'stimulus' in the context of biology.

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In biology, a 'stimulus' is a detectable change in the environment.

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[{"id":1330951,"front":"Define the term 'stimulus' in the context of biology.","back":"In biology, a 'stimulus' is a detectable change in the environment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In biology, organisms constantly interact with their environment. A stimulus is a specific change in the environment that triggers a response in an organism. This response can be behavioral, physiological, or developmental, allowing the organism to adapt to its surroundings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330956,"front":"What is the role of receptors in response to a stimulus?","back":"Receptors are cells that detect changes in the environment, triggering a response.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Receptors play a crucial role in detecting and responding to changes in the environment. They are specialized cells that can sense various stimuli, such as light, temperature, or chemicals, and initiate a response within the organism. This process is essential for an organism to adapt and survive in its surroundings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330961,"front":"Describe the term 'effector' in the context of responses and reflexes.","back":"An 'effector' is the structure that causes the response to a stimulus. This can be muscles or glands.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Effectors are crucial components in the body's response to stimuli. Muscles and glands are common effectors that carry out responses in reflexes. Effectors play a vital role in executing the necessary actions to maintain homeostasis and respond to changes in the environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330964,"front":"What is 'tropism' in the context of plant responses?","back":"'Tropism' is the term given to when plants respond, via growth, to stimuli. Tropisms can be positive or negative, growing towards or away from a stimulus.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Tropism is a term used to describe the growth response of plants to external stimuli. It involves the directional growth of plant parts in response to specific stimuli such as light, gravity, or touch. Tropisms can be positive, where the plant grows towards the stimulus, or negative, where the plant grows away from the stimulus. This growth response allows plants to adapt and optimize their growth in relation to their environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330965,"front":"What is the role of indoleacetic acid (IAA) in plant growth?","back":"IAA is a type of auxin that controls cell elongation, influencing plant growth and response to stimuli.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Indoleacetic acid (IAA) is a type of auxin hormone that plays a crucial role in plant growth. It regulates cell elongation, which is essential for various processes like stem and root growth. IAA also influences plant responses to external stimuli such as light and gravity. By controlling these growth processes, IAA helps plants adapt to their environment and optimize their development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330966,"front":"Explain the concept of 'positive phototropism'.","back":"'Positive phototropism' is when plant shoots grow and bend towards light. This is controlled by IAA, which causes cell elongation in shoots.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Positive phototropism is a crucial plant behavior that ensures optimal light exposure for photosynthesis. The plant hormone auxin (IAA) plays a key role in this process by promoting cell elongation on the shaded side of the shoot, causing it to bend towards the light source. This adaptive response enhances the plant's ability to capture sunlight for energy production.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330975,"front":"What is 'negative phototropism' and how does it affect plant roots?","back":"'Negative phototropism' is when plant roots bend away from light. In roots, a high concentration of IAA inhibits cell elongation, causing root cells to elongate more on the lighter side.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Negative phototropism is a phenomenon where plant roots exhibit a bending response away from light. This is due to the presence of a hormone called IAA, which inhibits cell elongation in roots. As a result, root cells on the side exposed to light elongate less, causing the root to bend away from the light source. This adaptive response allows roots to grow and explore the soil in search of nutrients and water, even in the absence of light.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330983,"front":"How does IAA influence 'gravitoprism' in plant shoots?","back":"In 'gravitoprism', IAA moves from the upper side to the lower side of a shoot. If a plant is vertical, this causes the plant cells to elongate and the plant grows upwards. If a plant is on its side, it will cause the shoot to bend upwards.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"IAA, or auxin, plays a crucial role in gravitropism by redistributing to the lower side of a plant shoot. This uneven distribution triggers cell elongation, leading to upward growth when the plant is vertical and bending upwards when the plant is tilted. This process enables plants to respond to gravity and optimize their growth direction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330984,"front":"Describe negative gravitropism.","back":"Negative gravitropism is a response where parts of a plant grow away from the direction of gravity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Negative gravitropism is a crucial plant behavior that allows roots to grow deeper into the soil, away from the pull of gravity. This response helps plants access water and nutrients more effectively, contributing to their overall growth and survival.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330986,"front":"Define positive gravitropism.","back":"Positive gravitropism is a response where parts of a plant, such as roots, grow towards the direction of gravity to anchor the plant.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Positive gravitropism is crucial for plants to establish a stable foundation by directing root growth downward into the soil. This phenomenon aids in nutrient absorption, water uptake, and overall plant stability, ensuring optimal growth and survival.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330991,"front":"What is taxis and its types?","back":"Taxis is a simple response in which an organism moves its entire body towards a favorable stimulus (positive taxis) or away from an unfavorable stimulus (negative taxis).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Taxis is a fundamental behavior in response to stimuli. It allows organisms to navigate their environment effectively. Positive taxis involves movement towards a favorable stimulus, while negative taxis involves moving away from an unfavorable stimulus. This behavior is crucial for survival and finding resources.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1330992,"front":"Explain the concept of kinesis.","back":"Kinesis is a response where an organism changes the speed of movement and the rate it changes direction based on the stimuli in its environment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Kinesis is a non-directional response to stimuli, unlike taxis which is directional. Organisms exhibit kinesis by altering their activity levels in response to stimuli intensity, without moving towards or away from the stimulus source. This behavior helps organisms to better adapt to their environment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331002,"front":"How do woodlice respond to water?","back":"Woodlice respond to water through kinesis. If they move from a damp to a dry area, they turn rapidly to increase the probability of returning to the damp area. If they are in a completely dry area, they decrease their turning rate to move in a straight line and increase the chances of finding a new damp area.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Woodlice exhibit kinesis behavior in response to water, adjusting their movement based on moisture levels. This adaptive strategy helps them navigate environments to seek out optimal conditions for survival. By altering their turning rate, woodlice can efficiently locate and access moisture-rich habitats.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331007,"front":"Define a simple reflex.","back":"A simple reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to danger that bypasses the brain. It is rapid because it only involves three neurons and therefore has few synapses.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A simple reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to danger that bypasses the brain. This allows for a quick reaction without the need for conscious thought. It involves only three neurons, which means there are fewer connections and synapses involved, resulting in a faster response time. By bypassing the brain, simple reflexes can occur automatically and instinctively, helping to protect the body from harm.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331008,"front":"Describe the process of a reflex response when a stimulus is detected.","back":"Once the stimulus is detected by the receptor, an impulse is passed along the sensory neuron to a relay neuron, located in the spine. The relay neuron passes the impulse onto a motor neuron, which is connected to an effector. The effector, such as the muscles in your hand and arm, responds accordingly, for example by contracting to move your hand away from a hot object.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reflex responses are rapid and involuntary actions that occur without conscious thought. They involve a neural pathway called the reflex arc, which allows for quick responses to potential harm. This process bypasses the brain to minimize reaction time and protect the body.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331010,"front":"Define the structure of a myofibril.","back":"Myofibrils are made up of fused cells that share nuclei and cytoplasm, known as sarcoplasm, and there is a high number of mitochondria. They are made up of two key types of protein, myosin and actin, that form a sarcomere.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Myofibrils are specialized structures within muscle cells responsible for contraction. They are composed of sarcomeres, which are the basic contractile units of muscles. These sarcomeres contain thick filaments made of myosin and thin filaments made of actin, arranged in a repeating pattern. This structure allows for the sliding of filaments during muscle contraction. Additionally, myofibrils contain a high concentration of mitochondria, providing the necessary energy for muscle function.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331015,"front":"How do muscles act to create movement?","back":"Muscles act in antagonistic pairs against an incompressible skeleton to create movement. This can be automatic as part of a reflex response or controlled by conscious thought. Muscle fibers are made up of millions of myofibrils, which collectively bring about the force to cause movement.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Muscles work in pairs to produce movement by contracting and relaxing. This coordinated effort allows for smooth and controlled motion. The myofibrils within muscle fibers generate the force needed for muscle contraction, enabling various types of movements from reflex actions to intentional, voluntary motions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331021,"front":"Explain the Sliding Filament Theory.","back":"When an action potential reaches a muscle, it stimulates a response. Calcium ions enter and cause the protein tropomyosin to move and uncover the binding sites. The myosin head can bind to the binding site on the actin to form a cross-bridge, creating tension and pulling the actin filament along the myosin. An ATP molecule can then bind to the myosin head, causing it to change shape and detach from the actin. The enzyme ATPase, activated by the calcium ions, hydrolyzes the ATP on the myosin head into ADP, releasing enough energy for the myosin head to return to its original position.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Sliding Filament Theory explains muscle contraction at a molecular level. It involves the interaction between actin and myosin filaments within muscle fibers, driven by the presence of calcium ions and ATP. This process results in the shortening of sarcomeres and overall muscle contraction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331022,"front":"Describe the role of calcium ions in muscle stimulation.","back":"Calcium ions remain high during muscle stimulation, triggering a continual process that keeps the muscle active.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Calcium ions play a crucial role in muscle stimulation by initiating the process that leads to muscle contraction. When calcium levels are elevated, it allows for the interaction between actin and myosin, leading to muscle activity. This continual presence of calcium ions ensures the sustained activation of the muscle during stimulation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331025,"front":"Define the role of phosphocreatine in muscle activity.","back":"Phosphocreatine, stored in muscles, provides phosphate to regenerate ATP from ADP during times of high ATP demand, such as during anaerobic respiration.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Phosphocreatine serves as a rapid source of energy for muscle cells during intense physical activity by regenerating ATP, the primary energy currency of cells. This process helps sustain muscle contractions when ATP levels are depleted, supporting short bursts of high-intensity exercise.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331026,"front":"Differentiate between slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers.","back":"Slow-twitch fibers have a large store of myoglobin, a rich blood supply, and many mitochondria, making them suitable for endurance work. Fast-twitch fibers have more myosin filaments, a large store of glycogen, phosphocreatine, and a high concentration of enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration, making them suitable for intense exercise.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Slow-twitch fibers excel in endurance activities due to their efficient oxygen use and energy production over long periods. In contrast, fast-twitch fibers are designed for short bursts of power, relying on anaerobic processes for quick energy release, which is ideal for sprinting or heavy lifting. This specialization influences training regimens.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331027,"front":"What is the main growth factor in plants?","back":"IAA","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"IAA, or indole-3-acetic acid, is the main growth factor in plants. It is a type of auxin hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. IAA promotes cell elongation, root formation, and fruit development. It also influences tropisms, such as phototropism and gravitropism, allowing plants to respond to light and gravity. Additionally, IAA is involved in various physiological processes, including seed germination and flowering. Its presence and distribution within the plant are tightly regulated to ensure proper growth and development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331032,"front":"Define 'taxis' in the context of organism response.","back":"'Taxis' is the type of response when organisms move in one direction towards or away from a stimulus.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Taxis is a crucial survival mechanism, allowing organisms to navigate their environment effectively. By moving toward beneficial stimuli, like food or light, or away from harmful ones, such as toxins, organisms enhance their chances of survival and reproduction, demonstrating the importance of adaptive behavior in nature.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331035,"front":"Define 'kinesis' in the context of organism response.","back":"'Kinesis' is the type of response when an organism's rate and direction of movement changes in response to a stimulus.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Kinesis involves a non-directional movement response to stimuli, unlike taxis, which is directional. This behavior allows organisms to explore their environment more effectively, enhancing survival by increasing the likelihood of finding resources or avoiding unfavorable conditions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331037,"front":"Name the two key proteins that make up muscle fibers.","back":"The two key proteins that make up muscle fibers are Actin and Myosin.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Actin and Myosin are the two key proteins that make up muscle fibers. Actin is responsible for the thin filaments, while Myosin forms the thick filaments. These proteins work together in a coordinated manner to generate muscle contractions. Actin and Myosin play crucial roles in muscle function and are essential for muscle movement and strength.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331038,"front":"Which ions are released into the sarcomere in response to an action potential?","back":"Calcium ions are released into the sarcomere in response to an action potential.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"When an action potential occurs in a muscle cell, it triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere. This release of calcium ions is essential for muscle contraction. Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that allows myosin to bind to actin and initiate the sliding of the muscle filaments. Without the release of calcium ions, muscle contraction cannot occur.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1331039,"front":"Identify the part of a simple reflex that detects a stimulus.","back":"The receptor is the part of a simple reflex that detects a stimulus.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The receptor is responsible for detecting a stimulus in a simple reflex. It is a specialized structure or cell that is sensitive to specific types of stimuli, such as light, sound, or touch. Once the receptor detects the stimulus, it sends signals to the central nervous system to initiate a response. The receptor plays a crucial role in the sensory process of a simple reflex.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"wcfqE","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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