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Biodiversity and Investigating Diversity

A-Level AQA Biology

This pack of flashcards encompasses concepts related to biodiversity, including definitions and measures of biodiversity, habitat, species richness, and the index of diversity. It also explores human impacts on biodiversity, reasons for conservation, and methods of estimating genetic diversity, both traditional and modern. Additionally, it addresses the balance between agriculture and conservation, and the investigation of population variation.

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"Define the term 'biodiversity'."	"Biodiversity can be defined as a measure of the range of habitats, from a small local habitat to the Earth."
"What does the term 'habitat' refer to?"	"The term 'habitat' refers to the range of physical, biological, and environmental factors in which a species can live."
"Describe the concept of 'Species Richness'."	"Species Richness is a measure of the number of different species in a community. It only accounts for how many different species there are, and not the population size of each species."
"How is the index of diversity calculated?"	"The index of diversity of a community can be calculated using the formula: D = N (n-1) / ∑ n (n – 1), where D is diversity, N is the total number of organisms of ALL species, and n is total number of organisms of a particular species."
"Do low biodiversity regions always indicate a problem?"	"No, having low biodiversity isn't necessarily an issue. For example, deserts and arctic regions naturally have low biodiversity due to the harsh environment. It is a cause for concern if an ecosystem experiences a loss in biodiversity, as this indicates a change is causing the loss of habitats."
"Who or what is the biggest cause of loss of diversity in communities?"	"Humans are the biggest cause of loss of diversity in communities, which can inevitably lead to extinction."
"Describe the ethical, economical, and medicinal reasons for preventing species extinction."	"Ethically, if humans are the cause of extinctions, it is our moral duty to prevent this. Economically, tourism often relies on people visiting areas of natural beauty and observing animals in their natural habitat. Extinction of habitats, plants, and animals could reduce tourism and therefore impact the economy. Medicinally, many medicines are based on chemicals naturally occurring in plants so plant species going extinct could have potentially held the molecules needed to cure diseases in humans."
"How do farming techniques impact biodiversity?"	"Farming techniques often involve removing natural habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and hedgerows in fields, for agriculture. This removal of habitats also removes food sources for animals, reducing biodiversity."
"Define the concept of genetic diversity."	"The genetic diversity of a population or community is the measure of how many different alleles there are for each gene. This can be measured simply by comparing observable characteristics, or more accurately the base sequence of DNA, mRNA, and the amino acid sequence of the proteins."
"Why is it essential to find a balance between conservation and farming?"	"It is essential to find a balance between conservation and farming to protect natural habitats and biodiversity, while ensuring that farming is still possible to provide food for humans."
"Describe the earliest method of estimating genetic diversity before the advent of biotechnology."	"The earliest method of estimating genetic diversity involved looking at the frequency of observable characteristics in a population. For instance, counting the number of different hair colors in a population would indicate the number of different alleles for hair color. A wide variety of hair colors would indicate a wide range of alleles and therefore high genetic diversity."
"How do advances in gene technologies contribute to measuring genetic diversity?"	"Advances in gene technologies allow for more accurate measurements of genetic diversity. These technologies can identify and count the actual genetic variations, rather than relying on observable characteristics as proxies for genetic diversity."
"Define the process of investigating variation within a population."	"Investigating variation within a population involves taking samples, as it would be too time-consuming and potentially impossible to record data on every individual within a population. To ensure the sample is representative of the population, a large sample should be taken and it should be randomly sampled. By collecting a large number of samples, a mean can be calculated and a statistic or standard deviation can be used to see if any differences or correlations are significant."
"Explain the concept of a community in the context of an ecosystem."	"In the context of an ecosystem, a community refers to all the living organisms that interact with each other within a specific environment."
"Explain the concept of genetic diversity."	"Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is the variety of genes within a population of individuals."
"Why is it important to sample an area to gain an accurate representation of a population?"	"Sampling an area is important to gain an accurate representation of a population because it would be too time-consuming and potentially impossible to record data on every individual within a population. Randomly taking a large sample ensures the sample is representative of the population and allows for the calculation of a mean and a statistic or standard deviation to see if any differences or correlations are significant."

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Define the term 'biodiversity'.

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Biodiversity can be defined as a measure of the range of habitats, from a small local habitat to the Earth.

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It is crucial for ecosystem resilience and stability, as well as providing numerous benefits to human well-being and sustainability.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329418,"front":"What does the term 'habitat' refer to?","back":"The term 'habitat' refers to the range of physical, biological, and environmental factors in which a species can live.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Habitat is crucial for a species' survival as it provides necessary resources like food, water, shelter, and breeding grounds. Changes in habitat can impact species' populations and biodiversity. Conservation efforts often focus on preserving and restoring habitats.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329434,"front":"Describe the concept of 'Species Richness'.","back":"Species Richness is a measure of the number of different species in a community. It only accounts for how many different species there are, and not the population size of each species.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Species richness is a fundamental metric in ecology, reflecting biodiversity. It provides insight into the diversity and complexity of an ecosystem. 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This shift may lead to ecological issues.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329468,"front":"Who or what is the biggest cause of loss of diversity in communities?","back":"Humans are the biggest cause of loss of diversity in communities, which can inevitably lead to extinction.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Human activities such as deforestation, pollution, overhunting, and urbanization are major contributors to the loss of diversity in communities. These actions disrupt ecosystems, leading to habitat destruction and species extinction. This highlights the significant impact humans have on biodiversity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329480,"front":"Describe the ethical, economical, and medicinal reasons for preventing species extinction.","back":"Ethically, if humans are the cause of extinctions, it is our moral duty to prevent this. Economically, tourism often relies on people visiting areas of natural beauty and observing animals in their natural habitat. Extinction of habitats, plants, and animals could reduce tourism and therefore impact the economy. Medicinally, many medicines are based on chemicals naturally occurring in plants so plant species going extinct could have potentially held the molecules needed to cure diseases in humans.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Preventing species extinction is crucial ethically to uphold moral responsibility. Economically, tourism depends on biodiversity, impacting revenue. Medically, species extinction could lead to losing potential sources for vital medicines derived from plants.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329481,"front":"How do farming techniques impact biodiversity?","back":"Farming techniques often involve removing natural habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and hedgerows in fields, for agriculture. This removal of habitats also removes food sources for animals, reducing biodiversity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Intensive farming practices like monoculture and pesticide use can harm biodiversity by reducing the variety of plant and animal species in an area. Additionally, soil erosion from certain farming techniques can further degrade habitats and impact biodiversity negatively.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329490,"front":"Define the concept of genetic diversity.","back":"The genetic diversity of a population or community is the measure of how many different alleles there are for each gene. This can be measured simply by comparing observable characteristics, or more accurately the base sequence of DNA, mRNA, and the amino acid sequence of the proteins.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Genetic diversity is crucial for species' adaptation and survival. It influences resilience to diseases, environmental changes, and overall population health. 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A wide variety of hair colors would indicate a wide range of alleles and therefore high genetic diversity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Before biotechnology, scientists used observable traits like hair color to estimate genetic diversity. The variation in visible characteristics reflected the diversity of underlying genetic traits. This method provided insights into the genetic makeup of populations without the need for advanced technology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329512,"front":"How do advances in gene technologies contribute to measuring genetic diversity?","back":"Advances in gene technologies allow for more accurate measurements of genetic diversity. These technologies can identify and count the actual genetic variations, rather than relying on observable characteristics as proxies for genetic diversity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Advances in gene technologies, such as DNA sequencing, enable precise identification of genetic variations within a population. This direct assessment enhances the understanding of genetic diversity by capturing the full spectrum of genetic differences, surpassing traditional methods based on observable traits.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329526,"front":"Define the process of investigating variation within a population.","back":"Investigating variation within a population involves taking samples, as it would be too time-consuming and potentially impossible to record data on every individual within a population. To ensure the sample is representative of the population, a large sample should be taken and it should be randomly sampled. By collecting a large number of samples, a mean can be calculated and a statistic or standard deviation can be used to see if any differences or correlations are significant.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Investigating variation within a population requires sampling to represent the whole group efficiently. A large, random sample helps calculate mean and assess significance using statistics like standard deviation. This method saves time and resources compared to analyzing every individual.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329534,"front":"Explain the concept of a community in the context of an ecosystem.","back":"In the context of an ecosystem, a community refers to all the living organisms that interact with each other within a specific environment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A community in an ecosystem encompasses various species interacting and coexisting in a particular habitat. These interactions can involve competition, predation, symbiosis, and more, influencing the overall balance and health of the ecosystem. Each species plays a unique role in the community, contributing to its diversity and resilience.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329545,"front":"Explain the concept of genetic diversity.","back":"Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is the variety of genes within a population of individuals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Genetic diversity is crucial for species' adaptation and survival. It enhances resilience to environmental changes, reduces the risk of inbreeding, and allows for evolutionary processes to occur. 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It allows for generalization and inference, reducing the resources needed while still providing reliable insights into the characteristics of the entire population.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"EUgOM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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Biodiversity and Investigating Diversity Flashcards

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