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Describe the process of Transcription in protein synthesis.

Transcription is the process in which a complementary mRNA copy of one gene on the DNA is created in the nucleus. mRNA is much smaller than DNA, so it is able to carry the genetic code to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to enable the protein to be made.

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"Describe the process of Transcription in protein synthesis."	"Transcription is the process in which a complementary mRNA copy of one gene on the DNA is created in the nucleus. mRNA is much smaller than DNA, so it is able to carry the genetic code to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to enable the protein to be made."
"Define the role of mRNA in protein synthesis."	"mRNA is a short, single-stranded molecule that is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is made during transcription in the nucleus. It is copied from DNA and is therefore complementary to the DNA sequence. In mRNA, groups of three adjacent bases are called codons."
"How does tRNA contribute to protein synthesis?"	"tRNA molecules are found in the cytoplasm and have amino acids attached to them. Each tRNA is specific for one amino acid, determined by the anticodon on it (three bases). Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon that is complementary to the codons on mRNA. tRNA is involved in translation. It carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes."
"Describe the process of Translation in protein synthesis."	"Translation is the stage where the mRNA joins with a ribosome, and a corresponding tRNA molecule brings the specific amino acid the codon codes for. This is how proteins are created on the ribosomes."
"What is the structure of tRNA?"	"tRNA is a single polynucleotide strand that is folded into a clover shape. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs hold the shape."
"Describe the role of DNA helicase in the process of protein synthesis."	"DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strand, breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases. This allows free mRNA nucleotides to align opposite exposed complementary DNA bases."
"Define the term 'antisense strand' in the context of DNA."	"The antisense strand is the chain of DNA that acts as a template during protein synthesis."
"How does RNA polymerase contribute to protein synthesis?"	"RNA polymerase bonds together the RNA nucleotides to create a new RNA polymer chain. This process copies one entire gene."
"What is pre-mRNA and how is it modified?"	"Pre-mRNA is the newly synthesized strand of mRNA before it has been modified. The key modifications include the removal of introns and the addition of protective caps at both ends to protect the mRNA from degrading enzymes in the cytoplasm."
"Explain the purpose of the 5’ cap and the poly A tail in mRNA modification."	"The 5’ cap and the poly A tail are added to the ends of the pre-mRNA to protect it from being hydrolyzed by endonuclease enzymes."
"What is the role of a spliceosome in mRNA modification?"	"A spliceosome is a protein that removes the 'junk DNA' or introns from the pre-mRNA. This process is called splicing."
"Define 'alternative splicing' in the context of protein synthesis."	"Alternative splicing is the process where the mRNA is spliced in many different ways, allowing a single gene to result in the creation of multiple proteins."
"Describe the importance of introns in human genes."	"Introns are important in human genes because they allow for the creation of extra proteins via alternative splicing. This is significant as humans have approximately 23,000 genes, but at least 90,000 proteins."
"Define the process of translation in protein synthesis."	"Translation is the stage in protein synthesis where the polypeptide chain is created using both the mRNA base sequence and the tRNA. It begins when the modified mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, allowing tRNA molecules to attach to the codons on the mRNA. The amino acids delivered by the tRNA molecules are joined via a peptide bond, catalyzed by an enzyme. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon, at which point translation ends and the polypeptide chain enters the Golgi body for folding and modification."
"What is the role of the start codon in translation?"	"The start codon, typically AUG, is where the ribosome attaches at the beginning of translation. The tRNA molecule with the complementary anticodon to the AUG codon aligns opposite the mRNA, held in place by the ribosome."
"How does the process of translation end?"	"The process of translation ends when the ribosome reaches the stop codon at the end of the mRNA molecule. The stop codon does not code for an amino acid, so the ribosome detaches and translation ends. The polypeptide chain then enters the Golgi body for folding and modification."
"What is the role of a spliceosome in protein synthesis?"	"The role of a spliceosome in protein synthesis is to remove introns."
"What happens immediately after the process of transcription in protein synthesis?"	"After transcription in protein synthesis, the process of translation begins."

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This process ensures that the genetic information encoded in the DNA is accurately transcribed and utilized for protein production.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329697,"front":"Define the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.","back":"mRNA is a short, single-stranded molecule that is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is made during transcription in the nucleus. It is copied from DNA and is therefore complementary to the DNA sequence. In mRNA, groups of three adjacent bases are called codons.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"mRNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a template for protein synthesis, with each codon on the mRNA corresponding to a specific amino acid. This process, known as translation, allows the ribosomes to read the mRNA sequence and assemble the correct sequence of amino acids to form a protein. mRNA acts as an intermediary between the DNA and the protein, ensuring that the genetic information is accurately translated into the correct protein sequence.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329733,"front":"How does tRNA contribute to protein synthesis?","back":"tRNA molecules are found in the cytoplasm and have amino acids attached to them. Each tRNA is specific for one amino acid, determined by the anticodon on it (three bases). Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon that is complementary to the codons on mRNA. tRNA is involved in translation. It carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"tRNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosomes, where they are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. The anticodon on tRNA pairs with the codons on mRNA, ensuring the accurate sequence of amino acids in the protein. This process is essential for the accurate and efficient translation of genetic information into functional proteins.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329737,"front":"Describe the process of Translation in protein synthesis.","back":"Translation is the stage where the mRNA joins with a ribosome, and a corresponding tRNA molecule brings the specific amino acid the codon codes for. This is how proteins are created on the ribosomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Translation is a crucial step in protein synthesis. It occurs when the mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and matches it with the appropriate tRNA molecule carrying the corresponding amino acid. This process ensures that the correct amino acids are brought together in the correct order to form a protein. The ribosome then catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids, creating a polypeptide chain. This chain folds into its functional protein structure, allowing it to carry out its specific biological functions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329742,"front":"What is the structure of tRNA?","back":"tRNA is a single polynucleotide strand that is folded into a clover shape. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs hold the shape.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"tRNA's cloverleaf structure allows it to carry out its essential role in protein synthesis. The specific folding pattern enables it to interact with other molecules, such as amino acids and the ribosome, facilitating the translation of genetic information into proteins.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329748,"front":"Describe the role of DNA helicase in the process of protein synthesis.","back":"DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strand, breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases. This allows free mRNA nucleotides to align opposite exposed complementary DNA bases.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"DNA helicase plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by unwinding the double-stranded DNA and separating the two strands. 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This process is crucial for the accurate translation of genetic information.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329770,"front":"How does RNA polymerase contribute to protein synthesis?","back":"RNA polymerase bonds together the RNA nucleotides to create a new RNA polymer chain. This process copies one entire gene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"RNA polymerase is essential for protein synthesis as it catalyzes the formation of RNA by bonding RNA nucleotides together. This results in the creation of an RNA polymer chain, which is a complementary copy of the gene. This process, known as transcription, is the first step in protein synthesis.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329781,"front":"What is pre-mRNA and how is it modified?","back":"Pre-mRNA is the newly synthesized strand of mRNA before it has been modified. The key modifications include the removal of introns and the addition of protective caps at both ends to protect the mRNA from degrading enzymes in the cytoplasm.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Pre-mRNA is the initial form of mRNA before it undergoes modifications. These modifications are crucial for the mRNA to be functional. The removal of introns and addition of protective caps are essential for ensuring the stability and proper functioning of the mRNA in protein synthesis.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329796,"front":"Explain the purpose of the 5’ cap and the poly A tail in mRNA modification.","back":"The 5’ cap and the poly A tail are added to the ends of the pre-mRNA to protect it from being hydrolyzed by endonuclease enzymes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The 5' cap and poly A tail serve as protective structures for mRNA. The 5' cap helps in mRNA stability, mRNA export from the nucleus, and initiation of translation. The poly A tail aids in mRNA stability, mRNA export, and recognition by ribosomes for translation. 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This process, known as splicing, is essential for creating a mature and functional mRNA transcript before it can be translated into a protein.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329814,"front":"Define 'alternative splicing' in the context of protein synthesis.","back":"Alternative splicing is the process where the mRNA is spliced in many different ways, allowing a single gene to result in the creation of multiple proteins.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism in protein synthesis, enabling a single gene to produce diverse proteins. This process enhances cellular complexity and functionality by generating various protein isoforms with distinct functions from a single gene sequence.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329837,"front":"Describe the importance of introns in human genes.","back":"Introns are important in human genes because they allow for the creation of extra proteins via alternative splicing. This is significant as humans have approximately 23,000 genes, but at least 90,000 proteins.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Introns play a crucial role in expanding protein diversity through alternative splicing, enabling a single gene to produce multiple proteins. 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This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon, at which point translation ends and the polypeptide chain enters the Golgi body for folding and modification.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Translation is the process in protein synthesis where the genetic information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize a polypeptide chain. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the attachment of mRNA to a ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, allowing tRNA molecules to bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codons on the mRNA. The amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bond formation. This process continues until a stop codon is reached, signaling the end of translation. The resulting polypeptide chain then undergoes further folding and modification in the Golgi body.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329887,"front":"What is the role of the start codon in translation?","back":"The start codon, typically AUG, is where the ribosome attaches at the beginning of translation. The tRNA molecule with the complementary anticodon to the AUG codon aligns opposite the mRNA, held in place by the ribosome.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The start codon plays a crucial role in translation by signaling the beginning of protein synthesis. It serves as the binding site for the ribosome and initiates the assembly of the translation machinery. This codon also determines the reading frame for the rest of the mRNA sequence.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329900,"front":"How does the process of translation end?","back":"The process of translation ends when the ribosome reaches the stop codon at the end of the mRNA molecule. The stop codon does not code for an amino acid, so the ribosome detaches and translation ends. The polypeptide chain then enters the Golgi body for folding and modification.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The process of translation ends when the ribosome encounters a stop codon on the mRNA molecule. This stop codon signals the ribosome to release the newly synthesized polypeptide chain. The chain then undergoes folding and modification in the Golgi body before becoming a functional protein.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329923,"front":"What is the role of a spliceosome in protein synthesis?","back":"The role of a spliceosome in protein synthesis is to remove introns.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The spliceosome plays a crucial role in the process of pre-mRNA splicing, where it removes non-coding introns and joins together the coding exons to form mature mRNA. This process is essential for the accurate translation of genetic information into functional proteins.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1329928,"front":"What happens immediately after the process of transcription in protein synthesis?","back":"After transcription in protein synthesis, the process of translation begins.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"After transcription in protein synthesis, the next step is the process of translation. During translation, the mRNA transcript is used as a template to assemble a chain of amino acids, forming a polypeptide. This occurs at the ribosomes with the help of tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"oBuDx","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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