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Describe the role of proteins in cell recognition.

Cells are labeled with proteins to allow recognition. Each body cell is labeled with a unique shape protein that lymphocytes recognize as ‘self’ cells. Any other type of protein detected on the surface of a cell is recognized as ‘non-self’ and is destroyed. This could range from abnormal body cells such as cancer, toxins produced by pathogens, pathogens, and cells from other organisms of the same species.

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"Describe the role of proteins in cell recognition."	"Cells are labeled with proteins to allow recognition. Each body cell is labeled with a unique shape protein that lymphocytes recognize as ‘self’ cells. Any other type of protein detected on the surface of a cell is recognized as ‘non-self’ and is destroyed. This could range from abnormal body cells such as cancer, toxins produced by pathogens, pathogens, and cells from other organisms of the same species."
"Define an antigen and its role in the immune response."	"An antigen is typically a protein molecule on the cell-surface of a membrane of non-self cells. The presence of antigens triggers an immune response and the production of antibodies."
"How does the body respond to pathogens that get past the physical and chemical barriers?"	"If pathogens get past these barriers, then two key types of blood cells respond: the phagocytes and the lymphocytes."
"Explain the process of phagocytosis."	"Phagocytosis is a process where phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, travel in the blood and squeeze out of capillaries to engulf and digest pathogens. This process is non-specific. Damaged cells and pathogens release chemicals that attract the phagocytes to the site of infection."
"What is the first line of defense to prevent infection?"	"The first line of defense to prevent infection is physical and chemical barriers, such as the skin and stomach acid."
"Describe the process by which phagocytes engulf pathogens."	"Phagocytes have receptors that attach onto chemicals on the surface of pathogens. The phagocyte then engulfs the pathogen into a vesicle to create a phagosome. Lysosomes within the phagocyte, containing hydrolytic lysozyme enzymes, fuse with the phagosome to expose the pathogen to the lysozyme, which hydrolyzes the pathogen. Any soluble useful molecules are then absorbed into the cytoplasm of the phagocyte."
"Define antigen-presenting cells."	"Antigen-presenting cells are phagocytes that present the antigen of the digested pathogen on their surface after the pathogen has been hydrolyzed."
"How do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes differ in their maturation process?"	"Both B lymphocytes (B Cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) are created by bone marrow stem cells. However, B cells mature in the bone marrow whereas T cells mature in the thymus."
"Explain the cell-mediated response."	"The cell-mediated response is the response of T cells to a foreign antigen. Receptors on the T cells bind onto the antigens on antigen-presenting cells, causing the T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis (clonal expansion). These cloned T cells can then differentiate into different specialized T cells, including Memory T cells."
"What is the role of Memory T cells in the immune response?"	"Memory T cells enable a rapid response to reinfection of the same pathogen. They are a result of the cell-mediated response, where T cells divide rapidly and differentiate into different specialized T cells."
"Describe the role of Cytotoxic T cells in the immune response."	"Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and infected body cells. They release a protein called perforin which creates pores (holes) in the cell membrane, allowing all substances to move into the cell and causing cell death."
"How do Helper T cells contribute to the immune response?"	"Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and secrete antibodies. They also stimulate phagocytosis of pathogens."
"Define the humoral response in the immune system."	"The humoral response is initiated by Helper T cells stimulating the B cells. It involves the production of antibodies, which are proteins that have binding sites complementary in shape to antigens."
"Explain the structure and function of antibodies."	"Antibodies are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light chains. They have binding sites, known as the variable region, that are complementary in shape to antigens. When an antigen binds to an antibody, it forms an antigen-antibody complex."
"How do antibodies help destroy pathogens?"	"Antibodies help destroy pathogens by causing agglutination, or clumping together of bacterial cells, making it easier for phagocytes to locate and engulf them. They also act as markers to stimulate phagocytes to engulf the cells."

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[{"id":1275385,"front":"Describe the role of proteins in cell recognition.","back":"Cells are labeled with proteins to allow recognition. Each body cell is labeled with a unique shape protein that lymphocytes recognize as ‘self’ cells. Any other type of protein detected on the surface of a cell is recognized as ‘non-self’ and is destroyed. This could range from abnormal body cells such as cancer, toxins produced by pathogens, pathogens, and cells from other organisms of the same species.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Proteins play a crucial role in cell recognition by labeling cells with unique shapes. These labels allow lymphocytes to distinguish between \"self\" and \"non-self\" cells. Any protein detected on a cell's surface that is not recognized as \"self\" is targeted for destruction. This recognition system helps identify abnormal cells, toxins, pathogens, and cells from other organisms of the same species. By utilizing proteins for cell recognition, the immune system can effectively identify and eliminate potential threats to the body.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275386,"front":"Define an antigen and its role in the immune response.","back":"An antigen is typically a protein molecule on the cell-surface of a membrane of non-self cells. The presence of antigens triggers an immune response and the production of antibodies.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":1,"explanation":"An antigen is a protein molecule found on the surface of non-self cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response by triggering the production of antibodies. These antibodies bind to antigens, marking them for destruction by immune cells. This process helps the immune system identify and eliminate foreign substances or pathogens. Antigens are diverse and can come from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells. The recognition and response to antigens are essential for the body's defense against infections and diseases.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275387,"front":"How does the body respond to pathogens that get past the physical and chemical barriers?","back":"If pathogens get past these barriers, then two key types of blood cells respond: the phagocytes and the lymphocytes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":2,"explanation":"When pathogens manage to breach the body's physical and chemical barriers, the immune system activates two important types of blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes engulf and destroy the pathogens, while lymphocytes produce antibodies to neutralize them. This coordinated response helps to eliminate the pathogens and prevent further infection.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275388,"front":"Explain the process of phagocytosis.","back":"Phagocytosis is a process where phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, travel in the blood and squeeze out of capillaries to engulf and digest pathogens. This process is non-specific. Damaged cells and pathogens release chemicals that attract the phagocytes to the site of infection.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":3,"explanation":"Phagocytosis is a crucial immune response mechanism. Phagocytes, like macrophages and neutrophils, leave the bloodstream and migrate to the site of infection. They are attracted by chemicals released by damaged cells and pathogens. Once at the site, phagocytes engulf and digest the pathogens, helping to eliminate the infection. This process is non-specific, meaning it can target a wide range of pathogens. Phagocytosis plays a vital role in the body's defense against infections.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275389,"front":"What is the first line of defense to prevent infection?","back":"The first line of defense to prevent infection is physical and chemical barriers, such as the skin and stomach acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":4,"explanation":"The first line of defense against infection is crucial in preventing the entry of pathogens into the body. Physical barriers, like the skin, act as a protective shield, preventing pathogens from entering. Chemical barriers, such as stomach acid, create an inhospitable environment for pathogens, further reducing the risk of infection. These barriers work together to provide an initial defense mechanism against potential infections.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275390,"front":"Describe the process by which phagocytes engulf pathogens.","back":"Phagocytes have receptors that attach onto chemicals on the surface of pathogens. The phagocyte then engulfs the pathogen into a vesicle to create a phagosome. Lysosomes within the phagocyte, containing hydrolytic lysozyme enzymes, fuse with the phagosome to expose the pathogen to the lysozyme, which hydrolyzes the pathogen. Any soluble useful molecules are then absorbed into the cytoplasm of the phagocyte.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":5,"explanation":"Phagocytes use receptors to recognize and attach to chemicals on the surface of pathogens. This triggers the phagocyte to engulf the pathogen, forming a vesicle called a phagosome. Lysosomes containing enzymes then fuse with the phagosome, exposing the pathogen to these enzymes. The enzymes break down the pathogen through hydrolysis. Any beneficial molecules released during this process are absorbed into the phagocyte's cytoplasm.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275391,"front":"Define antigen-presenting cells.","back":"Antigen-presenting cells are phagocytes that present the antigen of the digested pathogen on their surface after the pathogen has been hydrolyzed.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":6,"explanation":"Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a type of immune cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They engulf and digest pathogens, breaking them down into smaller fragments. These fragments, called antigens, are then displayed on the surface of the APCs. This allows other immune cells, such as T cells, to recognize and respond to the antigens, initiating an immune response against the pathogen. APCs are important for coordinating and regulating the immune system's response to infections and diseases.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275392,"front":"How do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes differ in their maturation process?","back":"Both B lymphocytes (B Cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) are created by bone marrow stem cells. However, B cells mature in the bone marrow whereas T cells mature in the thymus.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":7,"explanation":"B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes differ in their maturation process because they mature in different organs. B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus. This distinction is important because it influences the development and function of these immune cells. The bone marrow and thymus provide unique microenvironments that support the maturation and selection of B and T cells, respectively. This specialization allows for the generation of a diverse repertoire of immune cells with distinct roles in the immune response.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275393,"front":"Explain the cell-mediated response.","back":"The cell-mediated response is the response of T cells to a foreign antigen. Receptors on the T cells bind onto the antigens on antigen-presenting cells, causing the T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis (clonal expansion). These cloned T cells can then differentiate into different specialized T cells, including Memory T cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":8,"explanation":"The cell-mediated response is a crucial part of the immune system. It involves T cells recognizing foreign antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells. This recognition triggers rapid division of T cells, leading to the production of specialized T cells, such as memory T cells. These memory T cells play a vital role in providing long-term immunity against future encounters with the same antigen. This response is essential for eliminating intracellular pathogens and controlling viral infections.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275394,"front":"What is the role of Memory T cells in the immune response?","back":"Memory T cells enable a rapid response to reinfection of the same pathogen. They are a result of the cell-mediated response, where T cells divide rapidly and differentiate into different specialized T cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":9,"explanation":"Memory T cells play a crucial role in the immune response by providing long-term immunity against specific pathogens. They are formed during the initial infection and remain in the body, ready to respond quickly to reinfection. This rapid response is possible because memory T cells have already undergone division and differentiation, allowing them to recognize and eliminate the pathogen more efficiently than during the primary immune response. This memory response is a key component of the adaptive immune system and contributes to the overall effectiveness of the immune response.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275400,"front":"Describe the role of Cytotoxic T cells in the immune response.","back":"Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal cells and infected body cells. They release a protein called perforin which creates pores (holes) in the cell membrane, allowing all substances to move into the cell and causing cell death.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":10,"explanation":"Cytotoxic T cells play a crucial role in the immune response by targeting and eliminating abnormal and infected cells. They achieve this by releasing a protein called perforin, which creates pores in the cell membrane. These pores allow substances to enter the cell, leading to cell death. This mechanism helps to prevent the spread of infections and control the growth of abnormal cells.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275403,"front":"How do Helper T cells contribute to the immune response?","back":"Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and secrete antibodies. They also stimulate phagocytosis of pathogens.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":11,"explanation":"Helper T cells play a crucial role in the immune response by activating and coordinating other immune cells. They stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, which help neutralize pathogens. Additionally, they enhance phagocytosis, the process by which immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens. This collaboration between Helper T cells, B cells, and phagocytes is essential for an effective immune response against infections.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275406,"front":"Define the humoral response in the immune system.","back":"The humoral response is initiated by Helper T cells stimulating the B cells. It involves the production of antibodies, which are proteins that have binding sites complementary in shape to antigens.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":12,"explanation":"The humoral response is a key component of the immune system. It is triggered when Helper T cells activate B cells. This response leads to the production of antibodies, which are specialized proteins that can bind to antigens. Antibodies play a crucial role in neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This process is essential for the body's defense against infections and the development of immunity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275416,"front":"Explain the structure and function of antibodies.","back":"Antibodies are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light chains. They have binding sites, known as the variable region, that are complementary in shape to antigens. When an antigen binds to an antibody, it forms an antigen-antibody complex.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":13,"explanation":"Antibodies are composed of four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light chains. The variable region of antibodies contains binding sites that are complementary in shape to antigens. This allows antibodies to bind to antigens and form antigen-antibody complexes. This interaction plays a crucial role in immune responses, as it helps to neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. Antibodies also have constant regions that determine their functional properties, such as activating immune cells or promoting the clearance of pathogens. Overall, antibodies are essential components of the immune system's defense against foreign substances.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1275422,"front":"How do antibodies help destroy pathogens?","back":"Antibodies help destroy pathogens by causing agglutination, or clumping together of bacterial cells, making it easier for phagocytes to locate and engulf them. They also act as markers to stimulate phagocytes to engulf the cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":14,"explanation":"Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response by aiding in the destruction of pathogens. They achieve this by causing agglutination, which is the clumping together of bacterial cells. This clumping makes it easier for phagocytes, a type of immune cell, to locate and engulf the pathogens. Additionally, antibodies act as markers that stimulate phagocytes to engulf the cells, further aiding in the destruction of the pathogens.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"zQk9l","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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