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Describe the migration of the ancestors of Polynesians into the Pacific.

The ancestors of Polynesians, known as the Lapita people, migrated from Taiwan into the Pacific, first exploring the islands of Melanesia such as Fiji, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, before moving into the Polynesian Triangle, which includes New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island.

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"Describe the migration of the ancestors of Polynesians into the Pacific."	"The ancestors of Polynesians, known as the Lapita people, migrated from Taiwan into the Pacific, first exploring the islands of Melanesia such as Fiji, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, before moving into the Polynesian Triangle, which includes New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island."
"Define the evidence supporting the origins of the Lapita people."	"Evidence supporting the origins of the Lapita people includes DNA analysis, similar tools, similar foods such as taro, yam, and bananas, the Austronesian language, and Lapita pottery."
"How did the environment of Tonga and Samoa influence Polynesian innovation?"	"The environment of Tonga and Samoa, characterized by fewer fish and scarce food, led Polynesians to invent new fishing techniques and tools, as well as the double-hulled canoe, which allowed for longer voyages."
"Who was Thor Heyerdahl and what was his hypothesis about Polynesian origins?"	"Thor Heyerdahl was a Norwegian explorer who hypothesized that Polynesians originated from South America rather than Taiwan, based on similarities in language, statues, and the feasibility of travel due to wind direction."
"What was the Kon Tiki mission?"	"The Kon Tiki mission was an expedition led by Thor Heyerdahl, where he built a raft named 'Kon Tiki' and sailed from Peru to Polynesia over a 101-day journey to demonstrate that such a voyage was possible."
"Who is credited with the discovery of Aotearoa and when did it occur?"	"A great explorer named Kupe is credited with the discovery of Aotearoa around 800 AD."
"How was Maori society organized before European contact?"	"Before European contact, Maori society was organized with a strong social order led by a Rangatira, who ruled over a Hapū, while Iwi represented the tribal groups that were the first to arrive in New Zealand."
"What is a Kāinga in Maori culture?"	"A Kāinga is a Maori village or settlement, with its location influenced by factors such as high ground for defense, access to water for crops, and availability of food sources like seafood."
"What factors influenced the location of Maori settlements?"	"The location of Maori settlements, or Kāinga, was influenced by high ground for defensive purposes, access to water for irrigation and as a waka landing site, and access to food sources such as fish, clams, and eels."
"Describe Abel Tasman's encounter with the Maori."	"Abel Tasman became the first European to encounter the Maori on December 18th, 1642, during his landing at The Tai Tapu (Golden Bay). This encounter was unpleasant, resulting in the death of four of his crew members due to misinterpretation between the two groups."
"How did Abel Tasman's encounter affect European perceptions of the Maori?"	"The unfortunate encounter led to Europeans viewing the Maori as lowly, uncivilised, and violent, and it took more than 100 years for Europeans to contact the Maori again."
"Define the significance of the name 'Murderer’s Bay'."	"The name 'Murderer’s Bay' was given to Te Taitapu following Abel Tasman's encounter with the Maori, where four of his crew members were killed."
"Describe Captain James Cook's arrival in New Zealand."	"Captain James Cook arrived in New Zealand on October 8th, 1769, and had many peaceful interactions with the Maori."
"How did Tupaia contribute to Captain Cook's interactions with the Maori?"	"Tupaia was a friend of Captain Cook who could translate for him, facilitating communication and understanding between Cook and the Maori."
"What respectful approach did Captain Cook take towards the Maori?"	"Captain Cook treated the Maori with respect and as equals, which contributed to his peaceful interactions with them."
"Define the impact of Captain Cook's mapping of New Zealand."	"Captain Cook sailed a 15,000-kilometre journey around the coastline of New Zealand, mapping the area and contributing to European knowledge of the region."
"How did Captain Cook influence Maori life positively?"	"Captain Cook introduced many new plants such as peach, garlic, potato, and onions, as well as animals like pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle, and passed on knowledge to the Maori tribes."
"What were some negative impacts of Captain Cook's arrival?"	"Captain Cook's arrival led to negative impacts such as the introduction of diseases like venereal disease, tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles, as well as the introduction of muskets used in Maori wars."
"Why did Europeans begin settling in New Zealand?"	"The earliest settlers in New Zealand were mainly whalers, sealers, criminals, and missionaries, driven by high demand for resources like whale blubber and seal skin."
"How did Maori benefit from European settlement?"	"Maori benefited from European settlement through increased trade, the usefulness of Pakeha for translation, and the passing on of ideas, knowledge, and skills."
"What was the significance of flax and timber during the Napoleonic wars?"	"Flax was needed for sails and timber for ship decks, leading to a high demand for these resources during the Napoleonic wars."
"Describe Kororareka's role in the flax and timber industry."	"Kororareka became the central hub of the flax and timber industry but also earned the nickname 'The Hellhole of the Pacific' due to issues like undisciplined sailors, prostitution, and drunkenness."
"Why did some Maori convert to Christianity?"	"Missionaries were sent to New Zealand to spread religion and culture, which led some Maori to convert to Christianity."
"Describe Hongi Hika's significance in New Zealand's history."	"Hongi Hika was a powerful warlord in the North Island who obtained up to 300 muskets through trade with King George IV. He led war parties across New Zealand, raiding other Hapu, and played a crucial role in the Musket Wars, which lasted for years."
"How did Hongi Hika acquire muskets?"	"Hongi Hika acquired muskets by meeting King George IV, who provided him with valuable gifts that he later traded at Port Jackson for muskets."
"Define the Declaration of Independence signed by Northern chiefs in 1835."	"The Declaration of Independence was a document signed by 34 Northern chiefs at a hui called by James Busby, asserting their sovereign power and authority, acknowledging their flag, and thanking King William IV for being their 'father and protector'."
"What were the main concerns that led to the 1831 petition to King William IV?"	"The main concerns included Pakeha behavior in Kororareka, Captain Stewart assisting a Maori chief with utu, and Baron de Theirry's belief that he could be a 'Sovereign Chief in NZ'."
"How did James Busby contribute to New Zealand's early governance?"	"James Busby was sent by King William IV as a government representative in 1833, but he arrived without money or authority and had to build relationships with local Maori and Rangatira to survive."
"What economic factors contributed to European settlement in New Zealand during the 19th century?"	"Economic opportunities, available land, and promotion by the British government attracted European settlers, particularly in the whaling and sealing industries, and later, fertile land for farming."
"Explain the 'race' for New Zealand in the 1830s."	"The 'race' for New Zealand in the 1830s referred to the competition between European powers, mainly Britain and France, to gain control over the region, with many British settlers, missionaries, and traders arriving."
"What impact did the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 have on New Zealand's appeal to settlers?"	"The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 made New Zealand more appealing to settlers by establishing a legal framework for British governance and recognizing Maori land rights, which encouraged further immigration."
"Describe the outcome of the Musket Wars by the end of the 1820s."	"By the end of the 1820s, the Musket Wars had led to an uneasy peace as every Hapu had acquired muskets, changing the dynamics of power and conflict in New Zealand."
"What event marked the beginning of formal recognition of Maori sovereignty in New Zealand?"	"The signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Confederation of United Tribes on October 28, 1835, marked the beginning of formal recognition of Maori sovereignty in New Zealand."
"Describe the significance of the word 'sovereignty' in the treaty translation."	"The word 'sovereignty' was mixed up with 'governorship' during the treaty translation, leading to many future consequences for the Maori."
"How did Hone Heke influence the signing of the treaty?"	"Hone Heke was the first chief to sign the treaty, which encouraged many other chiefs to sign as well, seeking better trade and relationships with Europeans."
"Define the reasons some chiefs had for not signing the treaty."	"Some chiefs did not sign the treaty due to a lack of opportunity, a desire to maintain their independence and mana, and unpreparedness for British interference."
"What were the consequences of the treaty for the Maori?"	"The treaty led to many land disputes between the Maori and Pakeha, including dodgy land sales, which resulted in conflicts like the Wairau Affray."
"Describe the Wairau Affray."	"The Wairau Affray was an event in the 1840s where Maori defended their land against surveyors claiming it was theirs, leading to a battle where the Maori won but suffered tragic losses."
"How did the Northern Wars begin?"	"The Northern Wars began when James Busby announced Auckland as the capital, angering Hone Heke and Kawiti, who felt it would harm their trade."
"What actions did Hone Heke and Kawiti take against the British?"	"Hone Heke and Kawiti cut down the British flag in the Bay of Islands, which frightened residents and led to the outbreak of war."
"What was the outcome of the battles led by the Maori during the Northern Wars?"	"The Maori were eventually defeated at Ruapekapeka, leading to feelings of betrayal regarding the treaty."
"Define the Kingitanga movement."	"The Kingitanga movement was a protest against dodgy land sales, where Maori elected Te Wherowhero as their king, asserting their independence from the British."
"How did the British perceive the Kingitanga movement?"	"The British viewed the Kingitanga movement as a threat, despite it not being the movement's intention."
"What conflict arose in Waitara, Taranaki in the 1860s?"	"In Waitara, Taranaki, a junior Maori named Te Teira sold land without permission, leading to the Crown accepting the offer and forcefully evicting chief Wiremu Kingi."
"Describe the living conditions in Britain during the 1830s that prompted migration to New Zealand."	"Life in Britain during the 1830s was characterized by poverty, unemployment, crime, damp and cramped living conditions in slums, widespread disease and filth, and poor air quality due to pollution."
"How did Edward Gibbon Wakefield contribute to New Zealand's immigration in the 1830s?"	"Edward Gibbon Wakefield founded the New Zealand Company in 1839 and promoted migration to New Zealand by organizing seminars and meetings across Britain, which successfully encouraged many people to migrate."
"Define the term '10 Pound Poms' in the context of New Zealand immigration."	"'10 Pound Poms' refers to British migrants who paid 10 pounds to immigrate to New Zealand, a scheme that facilitated the movement of around 12,000 Europeans to New Zealand from 1840 to 1852."
"What triggered the second wave of immigration to New Zealand in 1861?"	"The discovery of gold in Otago in 1861 triggered a rush of immigrants, primarily young, unmarried males, seeking fortune in the gold fields."
"How did the gold rush impact the economy of Otago?"	"The gold rush significantly boosted Otago's economy, earning 10 million pounds from gold exports and 3.57 million from wool exports, although the rush was short-lived."
"Describe the demographic characteristics of the immigrants during the second wave in 1861."	"Most immigrants during the second wave were male, unmarried, and young, with 80% of them aged between 21 and 39 years old."
"What were the consequences of the gold rush's decline in the late 1860s?"	"The decline of the gold rush led to a sharp decrease in immigration, falling prices for key exports, and economic hardship, compounded by the ongoing New Zealand Wars."
"How did Julius Vogel address the immigration challenges in New Zealand in 1869?"	"Julius Vogel proposed an ambitious immigration scheme, aiming to borrow ten million pounds over ten years to fund public works and boost immigration, emphasizing the importance of immigration for the country's future."
"What was the purpose of Vogel’s Immigration Scheme?"	"Vogel’s Immigration Scheme aimed to attract workers to New Zealand by offering assisted passage to migrants, particularly for agricultural laborers, railway builders, shepherds, mechanics, and domestic servants."
"How did the assisted passage scheme evolve from 1873 onwards?"	"From 1873, the assisted passage scheme expanded to include free travel for eligible migrants, covering travel costs to the port and providing outfits for the journey, leading to a peak in immigration."
"What was the peak number of arrivals due to the assisted immigration scheme?"	"The assisted immigration scheme led to around 28,580 arrivals in New Zealand."

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The Rangatira, as leaders, played crucial roles in decision-making and resource management, fostering unity within Hapū. 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By recognizing the Maori as equals, he helped establish a foundation for dialogue, which was crucial in navigating cultural differences and minimizing conflict during his voyages.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570285,"front":"Define the impact of Captain Cook's mapping of New Zealand.","back":"Captain Cook sailed a 15,000-kilometre journey around the coastline of New Zealand, mapping the area and contributing to European knowledge of the region.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":"Captain Cook's extensive mapping significantly enhanced European understanding of New Zealand's geography, facilitating trade and exploration. His detailed charts laid the groundwork for future navigation and settlement, influencing colonial policies and interactions with Indigenous Māori communities, which had lasting cultural and political implications.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570292,"front":"How did Captain Cook influence Maori life positively?","back":"Captain Cook introduced many new plants such as peach, garlic, potato, and onions, as well as animals like pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle, and passed on knowledge to the Maori tribes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570303,"front":"What were some negative impacts of Captain Cook's arrival?","back":"Captain Cook's arrival led to negative impacts such as the introduction of diseases like venereal disease, tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles, as well as the introduction of muskets used in Maori wars.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570306,"front":"Why did Europeans begin settling in New Zealand?","back":"The earliest settlers in New Zealand were mainly whalers, sealers, criminals, and missionaries, driven by high demand for resources like whale blubber and seal skin.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570310,"front":"How did Maori benefit from European settlement?","back":"Maori benefited from European settlement through increased trade, the usefulness of Pakeha for translation, and the passing on of ideas, knowledge, and skills.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570316,"front":"What was the significance of flax and timber during the Napoleonic wars?","back":"Flax was needed for sails and timber for ship decks, leading to a high demand for these resources during the Napoleonic wars.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570321,"front":"Describe Kororareka's role in the flax and timber industry.","back":"Kororareka became the central hub of the flax and timber industry but also earned the nickname 'The Hellhole of the Pacific' due to issues like undisciplined sailors, prostitution, and drunkenness.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570323,"front":"Why did some Maori convert to Christianity?","back":"Missionaries were sent to New Zealand to spread religion and culture, which led some Maori to convert to Christianity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570340,"front":"Describe Hongi Hika's significance in New Zealand's history.","back":"Hongi Hika was a powerful warlord in the North Island who obtained up to 300 muskets through trade with King George IV. He led war parties across New Zealand, raiding other Hapu, and played a crucial role in the Musket Wars, which lasted for years.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570348,"front":"How did Hongi Hika acquire muskets?","back":"Hongi Hika acquired muskets by meeting King George IV, who provided him with valuable gifts that he later traded at Port Jackson for muskets.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":"Hongi Hika's acquisition of muskets highlights the intersection of indigenous diplomacy and European colonial interests. His strategic alliances and trade relationships not only enhanced his military capabilities but also transformed power dynamics among Māori tribes, influencing New Zealand's history significantly.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570356,"front":"Define the Declaration of Independence signed by Northern chiefs in 1835.","back":"The Declaration of Independence was a document signed by 34 Northern chiefs at a hui called by James Busby, asserting their sovereign power and authority, acknowledging their flag, and thanking King William IV for being their 'father and protector'.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570363,"front":"What were the main concerns that led to the 1831 petition to King William IV?","back":"The main concerns included Pakeha behavior in Kororareka, Captain Stewart assisting a Maori chief with utu, and Baron de Theirry's belief that he could be a 'Sovereign Chief in NZ'.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570370,"front":"How did James Busby contribute to New Zealand's early governance?","back":"James Busby was sent by King William IV as a government representative in 1833, but he arrived without money or authority and had to build relationships with local Maori and Rangatira to survive.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570375,"front":"What economic factors contributed to European settlement in New Zealand during the 19th century?","back":"Economic opportunities, available land, and promotion by the British government attracted European settlers, particularly in the whaling and sealing industries, and later, fertile land for farming.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570381,"front":"Explain the 'race' for New Zealand in the 1830s.","back":"The 'race' for New Zealand in the 1830s referred to the competition between European powers, mainly Britain and France, to gain control over the region, with many British settlers, missionaries, and traders arriving.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":"In the 1830s, New Zealand became a focal point for European expansion, driven by economic interests and the desire for territorial claims. The influx of settlers and missionaries not only aimed to establish trade but also to spread Christianity, significantly impacting Māori culture and society. This period set the stage for future colonial dynamics.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570386,"front":"What impact did the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 have on New Zealand's appeal to settlers?","back":"The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 made New Zealand more appealing to settlers by establishing a legal framework for British governance and recognizing Maori land rights, which encouraged further immigration.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570392,"front":"Describe the outcome of the Musket Wars by the end of the 1820s.","back":"By the end of the 1820s, the Musket Wars had led to an uneasy peace as every Hapu had acquired muskets, changing the dynamics of power and conflict in New Zealand.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570398,"front":"What event marked the beginning of formal recognition of Maori sovereignty in New Zealand?","back":"The signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Confederation of United Tribes on October 28, 1835, marked the beginning of formal recognition of Maori sovereignty in New Zealand.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570411,"front":"Describe the significance of the word 'sovereignty' in the treaty translation.","back":"The word 'sovereignty' was mixed up with 'governorship' during the treaty translation, leading to many future consequences for the Maori.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570417,"front":"How did Hone Heke influence the signing of the treaty?","back":"Hone Heke was the first chief to sign the treaty, which encouraged many other chiefs to sign as well, seeking better trade and relationships with Europeans.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570427,"front":"Define the reasons some chiefs had for not signing the treaty.","back":"Some chiefs did not sign the treaty due to a lack of opportunity, a desire to maintain their independence and mana, and unpreparedness for British interference.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570429,"front":"What were the consequences of the treaty for the Maori?","back":"The treaty led to many land disputes between the Maori and Pakeha, including dodgy land sales, which resulted in conflicts like the Wairau Affray.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":"The treaty's implications for the Maori were profound, as it disrupted their traditional land ownership and governance. The influx of settlers intensified competition for resources, leading to significant cultural and social upheaval. These disputes often escalated into violence, highlighting the deepening rift between the two groups.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570434,"front":"Describe the Wairau Affray.","back":"The Wairau Affray was an event in the 1840s where Maori defended their land against surveyors claiming it was theirs, leading to a battle where the Maori won but suffered tragic losses.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570438,"front":"How did the Northern Wars begin?","back":"The Northern Wars began when James Busby announced Auckland as the capital, angering Hone Heke and Kawiti, who felt it would harm their trade.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570441,"front":"What actions did Hone Heke and Kawiti take against the British?","back":"Hone Heke and Kawiti cut down the British flag in the Bay of Islands, which frightened residents and led to the outbreak of war.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570444,"front":"What was the outcome of the battles led by the Maori during the Northern Wars?","back":"The Maori were eventually defeated at Ruapekapeka, leading to feelings of betrayal regarding the treaty.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570447,"front":"Define the Kingitanga movement.","back":"The Kingitanga movement was a protest against dodgy land sales, where Maori elected Te Wherowhero as their king, asserting their independence from the British.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570450,"front":"How did the British perceive the Kingitanga movement?","back":"The British viewed the Kingitanga movement as a threat, despite it not being the movement's intention.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570452,"front":"What conflict arose in Waitara, Taranaki in the 1860s?","back":"In Waitara, Taranaki, a junior Maori named Te Teira sold land without permission, leading to the Crown accepting the offer and forcefully evicting chief Wiremu Kingi.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570457,"front":"Describe the living conditions in Britain during the 1830s that prompted migration to New Zealand.","back":"Life in Britain during the 1830s was characterized by poverty, unemployment, crime, damp and cramped living conditions in slums, widespread disease and filth, and poor air quality due to pollution.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":"The 1830s in Britain were marked by rapid industrialization, leading to urban overcrowding and inadequate housing. Many sought better opportunities and a healthier environment, prompting migration. New Zealand offered land, fresh air, and the promise of a new start, appealing to those disillusioned by their harsh realities.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570458,"front":"How did Edward Gibbon Wakefield contribute to New Zealand's immigration in the 1830s?","back":"Edward Gibbon Wakefield founded the New Zealand Company in 1839 and promoted migration to New Zealand by organizing seminars and meetings across Britain, which successfully encouraged many people to migrate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570461,"front":"Define the term '10 Pound Poms' in the context of New Zealand immigration.","back":"'10 Pound Poms' refers to British migrants who paid 10 pounds to immigrate to New Zealand, a scheme that facilitated the movement of around 12,000 Europeans to New Zealand from 1840 to 1852.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570463,"front":"What triggered the second wave of immigration to New Zealand in 1861?","back":"The discovery of gold in Otago in 1861 triggered a rush of immigrants, primarily young, unmarried males, seeking fortune in the gold fields.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570465,"front":"How did the gold rush impact the economy of Otago?","back":"The gold rush significantly boosted Otago's economy, earning 10 million pounds from gold exports and 3.57 million from wool exports, although the rush was short-lived.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570466,"front":"Describe the demographic characteristics of the immigrants during the second wave in 1861.","back":"Most immigrants during the second wave were male, unmarried, and young, with 80% of them aged between 21 and 39 years old.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570468,"front":"What were the consequences of the gold rush's decline in the late 1860s?","back":"The decline of the gold rush led to a sharp decrease in immigration, falling prices for key exports, and economic hardship, compounded by the ongoing New Zealand Wars.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":"The decline of the gold rush shifted the focus from mining to agriculture and other industries, prompting a diversification of the economy. This transition often resulted in social upheaval as communities adapted, and the economic strain influenced political dynamics, leading to changes in governance and land policies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570470,"front":"How did Julius Vogel address the immigration challenges in New Zealand in 1869?","back":"Julius Vogel proposed an ambitious immigration scheme, aiming to borrow ten million pounds over ten years to fund public works and boost immigration, emphasizing the importance of immigration for the country's future.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570473,"front":"What was the purpose of Vogel’s Immigration Scheme?","back":"Vogel’s Immigration Scheme aimed to attract workers to New Zealand by offering assisted passage to migrants, particularly for agricultural laborers, railway builders, shepherds, mechanics, and domestic servants.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570475,"front":"How did the assisted passage scheme evolve from 1873 onwards?","back":"From 1873, the assisted passage scheme expanded to include free travel for eligible migrants, covering travel costs to the port and providing outfits for the journey, leading to a peak in immigration.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":28570477,"front":"What was the peak number of arrivals due to the assisted immigration scheme?","back":"The assisted immigration scheme led to around 28,580 arrivals in New Zealand.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":null,"back_image":null,"order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"yTFAa","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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Describe the migration of the ancestors of Polynesians into the Pacific.

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Describe the migration of the ancestors of Polynesians into the Pacific.

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