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Describe the main focus of Humanistic Psychology.

Humanistic Psychology focuses on viewing individuals as a whole, considering a range of influences on them and trying to explain healthy, ‘normal’ growth in humans. It emphasizes on the concept of free will and self-actualisation.

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"Describe the main focus of Humanistic Psychology."	"Humanistic Psychology focuses on viewing individuals as a whole, considering a range of influences on them and trying to explain healthy, ‘normal’ growth in humans. It emphasizes on the concept of free will and self-actualisation."
"Define 'Free Will' in the context of Humanistic Psychology."	"'Free Will' in Humanistic Psychology suggests that humans have control over their actions and can make genuine free choices. It rejects the idea of general laws of behaviour, emphasizing that human behaviour is unpredictable and unique."
"Explain the concept of 'Self-actualisation' as proposed by Maslow."	"'Self-actualisation' is the ability of humans to develop and achieve their potential. It is the highest level in Maslow's 'hierarchy of needs', which can only be reached if all other basic needs like physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, and self-esteem are met."
"What does 'congruence' mean in the context of Humanistic Psychology?"	"'Congruence' in Humanistic Psychology refers to the equivalence between a person’s concept of self and their ideal self. If there is a large gap between these, the person experiences incongruence and will not be able to self-actualise, possibly leading to anxiety and depression."
"Describe the aim of 'Client-centred therapy' developed by Rogers."	"'Client-centred therapy' aims to achieve congruence in the client, who takes an active role in the therapy. It is based on the idea that incongruence may be caused by a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents."
"Describe the therapeutic approach in humanistic psychology."	"The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard, along with empathy and genuineness, to try and reduce the incongruence between the client’s concept of self and ideal self."
"How does the humanistic approach view human nature and development?"	"Humanistic psychology is optimistic and focused on personal growth and development. People are seen as essentially good, and able to better themselves. Parents have a role in development and the self can be developed throughout life."
"What is a criticism of the humanistic approach in psychology?"	"The approach is not very scientifically rigorous, as concepts such as the self and congruence are hard to test empirically. This weakens the approach, as it lacks scientific credibility."
"How does the cognitive approach view the nature vs nurture debate?"	"The cognitive approach supports both nature (biological processing abilities) and nurture (development of schema through environment)."
"Define reductionism and holism in the context of psychology."	"Reductionism is breaking down behaviour into parts that can be studied, while holism is considering a range of factors on behaviour."
"How does the biological approach view the nature vs nurture debate?"	"The biological approach supports nature, with behaviour caused by physiological processes affected by genes."
"How does the behaviourist approach view reductionism vs holism?"	"The behaviourist approach is very reductionist, explaining behaviour due to stimulus-response."
"Describe the determinism vs free will concept in psychology."	"Determinism is the belief that behavior is determined by factors outside of someone’s control, while free will suggests that behavior is due to conscious free choice."
"Define the term 'hard determinism' and 'soft determinism' in the context of psychological approaches."	"'Hard determinism' suggests that behavior is entirely due to factors outside of our control, such as brain structure, genes, or unconscious drives. 'Soft determinism', on the other hand, suggests that while behavior is guided by certain factors like existing schema or learning, there is some choice over thoughts or actions."
"How does the humanistic approach explain abnormal behavior?"	"The humanistic approach explains that abnormal behavior is due to incongruence between the concept of self and the ideal self, or the inability to self-actualize. It can be treated through achieving congruence through client-centered therapy."
"Do the learning approaches (behaviourist, SLT) use idiographic or nomothetic methods?"	"The learning approaches (behaviourist, SLT) use nomothetic methods, studying large groups to establish general laws."
"How does the cognitive approach explain abnormal behavior?"	"The cognitive approach explains that abnormal behavior is due to faulty or irrational thought processes. It can be treated by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), in which negative thoughts are challenged."
"Define the terms 'idiographic' and 'nomothetic' in the context of psychological studies."	"'Idiographic' refers to studying and explaining individual behavior through case studies, while 'nomothetic' refers to studying large groups to establish general laws."
"How does the biological approach explain abnormal behavior?"	"The biological approach explains that abnormal behavior is due to an imbalance of hormones or neurotransmitters, genetic inheritance, or faulty brain structure or workings. It can be treated through drug therapy."
"Describe the approach that emerged at the end of the 20th century in the field of psychology."	"The Cognitive and Neuroscience approach emerged at the end of the 20th century."
"Who is known for investigating classical conditioning using dogs?"	"Pavlov is known for investigating classical conditioning using dogs."
"Define the concept developed by Bandura."	"Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory (SLT)."
"How does the cognitive approach suggest the mind works?"	"The cognitive approach suggests the mind works like a computer."
"Define 'Genotype'."	"'Genotype' is the actual set of genes a person has."
"What process is responsible for evolution in organisms?"	"Natural Selection is the process that causes evolution in organisms."
"According to psychodynamic theory, what is the first psychosexual stage?"	"According to psychodynamic theory, the first psychosexual stage is the Oral stage."
"According to psychodynamic theory, what are the three parts of the personality?"	"According to psychodynamic theory, the three parts of the personality are the Id, Ego, and Superego."
"What is the top level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?"	"The top level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is Self-actualisation."

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[{"id":1591671,"front":"Describe the main focus of Humanistic Psychology.","back":"Humanistic Psychology focuses on viewing individuals as a whole, considering a range of influences on them and trying to explain healthy, ‘normal’ growth in humans. It emphasizes on the concept of free will and self-actualisation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Humanistic Psychology emphasizes the importance of personal growth, self-actualization, and free will in understanding individuals. It seeks to explore human potential and focuses on holistic approaches to studying human behavior, considering various factors that contribute to overall well-being.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591672,"front":"Define 'Free Will' in the context of Humanistic Psychology.","back":"'Free Will' in Humanistic Psychology suggests that humans have control over their actions and can make genuine free choices. It rejects the idea of general laws of behaviour, emphasizing that human behaviour is unpredictable and unique.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In the context of Humanistic Psychology, 'Free Will' refers to the belief that individuals have the ability to make autonomous choices and have control over their actions. This perspective rejects the notion of predetermined or predictable behavior, emphasizing the uniqueness and unpredictability of human behavior. It emphasizes the importance of personal agency and the ability to make genuine choices.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591673,"front":"Explain the concept of 'Self-actualisation' as proposed by Maslow.","back":"'Self-actualisation' is the ability of humans to develop and achieve their potential. It is the highest level in Maslow's 'hierarchy of needs', which can only be reached if all other basic needs like physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, and self-esteem are met.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Self-actualization, a key concept in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represents the realization of one's full potential and personal growth. It is a state where individuals strive for self-improvement, creativity, and fulfillment beyond basic needs, aiming for peak experiences and self-transcendence.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591674,"front":"What does 'congruence' mean in the context of Humanistic Psychology?","back":"'Congruence' in Humanistic Psychology refers to the equivalence between a person’s concept of self and their ideal self. If there is a large gap between these, the person experiences incongruence and will not be able to self-actualise, possibly leading to anxiety and depression.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In Humanistic Psychology, congruence is crucial for personal growth. When individuals align their self-perception with their ideal self, they can strive towards self-actualization. Incongruence, on the other hand, can hinder this process, potentially resulting in psychological distress.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591675,"front":"Describe the aim of 'Client-centred therapy' developed by Rogers.","back":"'Client-centred therapy' aims to achieve congruence in the client, who takes an active role in the therapy. It is based on the idea that incongruence may be caused by a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Client-centred therapy, developed by Rogers, aims to foster congruence in the client by providing a supportive and non-judgmental therapeutic environment. It emphasizes the importance of the client taking an active role in their own therapy. This approach is based on the belief that incongruence, or a discrepancy between one's self-concept and actual experience, may result from a lack of unconditional positive regard from significant others, particularly parents. By offering empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard, the therapist aims to facilitate the client's self-exploration and growth.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591676,"front":"Describe the therapeutic approach in humanistic psychology.","back":"The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard, along with empathy and genuineness, to try and reduce the incongruence between the client’s concept of self and ideal self.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of the therapist showing genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard towards the client. This approach aims to help individuals achieve self-actualization by reducing the gap between their self-concept and ideal self, fostering personal growth and self-awareness.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591677,"front":"How does the humanistic approach view human nature and development?","back":"Humanistic psychology is optimistic and focused on personal growth and development. People are seen as essentially good, and able to better themselves. Parents have a role in development and the self can be developed throughout life.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The humanistic approach views human nature and development as inherently positive, emphasizing personal growth and self-improvement. It believes in the innate goodness of people and the potential for ongoing development throughout life, influenced by parental roles.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591678,"front":"What is a criticism of the humanistic approach in psychology?","back":"The approach is not very scientifically rigorous, as concepts such as the self and congruence are hard to test empirically. This weakens the approach, as it lacks scientific credibility.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The humanistic approach emphasizes subjective experience and personal growth, which can be seen as valuable. However, its reliance on qualitative methods may limit its acceptance in a field that often prioritizes quantitative data. This tension between personal insight and empirical validation can hinder broader application in psychology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591679,"front":"How does the cognitive approach view the nature vs nurture debate?","back":"The cognitive approach supports both nature (biological processing abilities) and nurture (development of schema through environment).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The cognitive approach acknowledges the importance of both nature and nurture in the nature vs nurture debate. It recognizes that biological processing abilities, which are innate and influenced by genetics (nature), play a role in cognitive development. At the same time, it emphasizes the impact of the environment (nurture) in shaping cognitive processes, such as the development of schema through experiences and interactions. This approach highlights the interaction between nature and nurture, rather than favoring one over the other.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591680,"front":"Define reductionism and holism in the context of psychology.","back":"Reductionism is breaking down behaviour into parts that can be studied, while holism is considering a range of factors on behaviour.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reductionism in psychology allows for a detailed analysis of specific components, facilitating targeted interventions. In contrast, holism emphasizes the interconnectedness of various influences, promoting a more comprehensive understanding of behavior. Both approaches offer valuable insights, shaping research and therapeutic practices.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591681,"front":"How does the biological approach view the nature vs nurture debate?","back":"The biological approach supports nature, with behaviour caused by physiological processes affected by genes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The biological approach emphasizes the role of genetics and physiological processes in shaping behavior, suggesting that genes play a significant role in determining behavior. This perspective highlights the influence of nature over nurture in the nature vs nurture debate.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591682,"front":"How does the behaviourist approach view reductionism vs holism?","back":"The behaviourist approach is very reductionist, explaining behaviour due to stimulus-response.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The behaviourist approach is reductionist because it focuses on explaining behavior by breaking it down into simple stimulus-response associations. It disregards internal mental processes and emphasizes observable behaviors. This reductionist perspective allows for a more objective and scientific analysis of behavior, as it can be easily measured and studied. However, it may overlook the complexity and holistic nature of human behavior, as it fails to consider the influence of internal factors such as thoughts, emotions, and individual differences.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591683,"front":"Describe the determinism vs free will concept in psychology.","back":"Determinism is the belief that behavior is determined by factors outside of someone’s control, while free will suggests that behavior is due to conscious free choice.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591684,"front":"Define the term 'hard determinism' and 'soft determinism' in the context of psychological approaches.","back":"'Hard determinism' suggests that behavior is entirely due to factors outside of our control, such as brain structure, genes, or unconscious drives. 'Soft determinism', on the other hand, suggests that while behavior is guided by certain factors like existing schema or learning, there is some choice over thoughts or actions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591685,"front":"How does the humanistic approach explain abnormal behavior?","back":"The humanistic approach explains that abnormal behavior is due to incongruence between the concept of self and the ideal self, or the inability to self-actualize. It can be treated through achieving congruence through client-centered therapy.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591686,"front":"Do the learning approaches (behaviourist, SLT) use idiographic or nomothetic methods?","back":"The learning approaches (behaviourist, SLT) use nomothetic methods, studying large groups to establish general laws.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Nomothetic methods focus on generalizations across populations, allowing researchers to identify patterns and principles applicable to many individuals. This approach contrasts with idiographic methods, which emphasize individual cases. In learning theories, understanding broad trends aids in developing effective educational strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591687,"front":"How does the cognitive approach explain abnormal behavior?","back":"The cognitive approach explains that abnormal behavior is due to faulty or irrational thought processes. It can be treated by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), in which negative thoughts are challenged.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The cognitive approach attributes abnormal behavior to distorted thought patterns. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to identify and modify these negative thoughts to alleviate symptoms. This approach emphasizes the role of cognition in shaping behavior and emotions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591690,"front":"Define the terms 'idiographic' and 'nomothetic' in the context of psychological studies.","back":"'Idiographic' refers to studying and explaining individual behavior through case studies, while 'nomothetic' refers to studying large groups to establish general laws.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591695,"front":"How does the biological approach explain abnormal behavior?","back":"The biological approach explains that abnormal behavior is due to an imbalance of hormones or neurotransmitters, genetic inheritance, or faulty brain structure or workings. It can be treated through drug therapy.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The biological approach attributes abnormal behavior to physiological factors like genetics, brain structure, and neurotransmitter imbalances. This perspective emphasizes the role of biology in mental health conditions and suggests drug therapy as a treatment method.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591696,"front":"Describe the approach that emerged at the end of the 20th century in the field of psychology.","back":"The Cognitive and Neuroscience approach emerged at the end of the 20th century.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Cognitive and Neuroscience approach that emerged at the end of the 20th century in psychology emphasized understanding mental processes and behavior through studying brain functions and cognitive processes. This shift led to significant advancements in understanding human cognition and behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591697,"front":"Who is known for investigating classical conditioning using dogs?","back":"Pavlov is known for investigating classical conditioning using dogs.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591698,"front":"Define the concept developed by Bandura.","back":"Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory (SLT).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591699,"front":"How does the cognitive approach suggest the mind works?","back":"The cognitive approach suggests the mind works like a computer.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591700,"front":"Define 'Genotype'.","back":"'Genotype' is the actual set of genes a person has.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591701,"front":"What process is responsible for evolution in organisms?","back":"Natural Selection is the process that causes evolution in organisms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591702,"front":"According to psychodynamic theory, what is the first psychosexual stage?","back":"According to psychodynamic theory, the first psychosexual stage is the Oral stage.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591703,"front":"According to psychodynamic theory, what are the three parts of the personality?","back":"According to psychodynamic theory, the three parts of the personality are the Id, Ego, and Superego.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Psychodynamic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that the human personality is comprised of the Id, Ego, and Superego. These components interact to shape behavior and influence psychological functioning. The Id operates on primal instincts, the Ego seeks to balance impulses with reality, and the Superego represents internalized societal norms and values.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591713,"front":"What is the top level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?","back":"The top level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is Self-actualisation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"rDs84","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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