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Describe the method of introspection used by Wilhelm Wundt in his psychological studies.

Introspection, used by Wilhelm Wundt, involved recording conscious thoughts by noting them down, then attempting to break these thoughts down into structures. This method was used in the world's first psychology laboratory, opened by Wundt in 1879.

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"Describe the method of introspection used by Wilhelm Wundt in his psychological studies."	"Introspection, used by Wilhelm Wundt, involved recording conscious thoughts by noting them down, then attempting to break these thoughts down into structures. This method was used in the world's first psychology laboratory, opened by Wundt in 1879."
"How did early behaviourists like John B. Watson critique the method of introspection?"	"Early behaviourists like John B. Watson criticized the method of introspection for being subjective and varying too much from person to person. They argued that it was impossible to test people’s inward, private thoughts, and that psychology should focus on studying observable behaviour."
"Define the cognitive approach in psychology that became popular in the 1960s."	"The cognitive approach in psychology emphasizes the legitimacy of attempting to uncover thought processes, which can be indirectly tested in experiments. It became popular in the 1960s."
"What is the main assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology?"	"The main assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology is that only observable behaviour can, and therefore should, be investigated, as it cannot be known what is happening in 'the mind'."
"Describe the emergence of cognitive neuroscience at the end of the 20th century."	"Cognitive neuroscience emerged at the end of the 20th century, combining elements of the cognitive and biological approaches. It emphasizes the role of biological structures in determining thought processes."
"What is the significance of Wundt's use of scientific methods in his psychological studies?"	"Wundt's use of scientific methods, such as giving participants the same procedure and instructions and minimizing the impact of extraneous variables, helped move psychology away from philosophy and towards the scientific method."
"How did the biological approach, popular in the 1980s, study psychology?"	"The biological approach, popular in the 1980s, studied psychology through methods such as brain-scanning techniques and looking at the effect of drugs on behaviour. It emphasizes the role of the brain and physical processes."
"Describe the concept of Classical Conditioning as studied by Ivan Pavlov."	"Classical Conditioning is the idea that learning takes place through association. Pavlov demonstrated this through experimenting on dogs. When he presented an unconditioned stimulus (food) alongside a neutral stimulus (ringing a bell), the dogs salivated (unconditioned response) at being presented with the food. Once the unconditioned and neutral stimulus were paired a few times, the dog salivated just at the sound of the bell being rung. The bell had become a conditioned stimulus, producing the conditioned response of salivation."
"Define Operant Conditioning as studied by BF Skinner."	"Operant Conditioning is the idea that learning takes place through rewards and punishments. Positive reinforcement is when a reward is given in response to a behaviour, making that behaviour more likely to be repeated. Negative reinforcement is when something unpleasant is avoided in response to a behaviour, making that behaviour more likely to be repeated. Punishment (an unpleasant consequence) makes a behaviour less likely to be repeated."
"How did BF Skinner test the concept of Operant Conditioning?"	"Skinner tested Operant Conditioning using rats and pigeons. In the ‘Skinner Box’, rats were placed in a box with a lever, light, and electrified floor. If the rat pressed the lever when the light was off, it would receive a shock, and if it pressed the lever when the light was on, it received a food pellet. The rats quickly learned to push the switch only when the light was on."
"What are some criticisms of the Behaviourist approach?"	"The Behaviourist approach has been criticised for being too mechanistic, and discounting the role of thought processes in behaviour, instead seeing humans as passive responders to the environment. This is an over-simplistic explanation."
"What are some real-world applications of Behaviourist principles?"	"Behaviourist principles have useful real-world applications, for example in developing treatments for phobias (systematic desensitisation) and token economy systems, where rewards are given for desirable behaviours in patients with mental illnesses."
"What is the Social Learning Theory in relation to Behaviourism?"	"Social learning theorists share many of the assumptions of behaviourists; that behaviour is conditioned through operant and classical conditioning (direct learning)."
"Describe the concept of vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory."	"Vicarious reinforcement refers to learning through observing someone else being rewarded or punished for a behavior. The observer then learns indirectly that such behaviors are worth (or not worth) repeating."
"What are the four mediational processes suggested by Bandura in social learning theory?"	"The four mediational processes are attention (noticing a behavior), retention (being able to remember it), motor reproduction (the ability to imitate the action), and motivation (the desire to imitate the action, linked to the perceived likelihood of reward or punishment)."
"Explain the role of identification in social learning theory."	"In social learning theory, identification refers to the tendency of children to imitate others' behavior. They identify with 'role models', who are likely to be similar to them and have attractive qualities, such as success and status."
"How was the concept of mediational processes demonstrated in Bandura’s Bobo doll study?"	"In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, children were shown a film of an adult attacking a Bobo doll, then copied the aggressive actions when placed in a room with the same doll. This demonstrated the mediational processes of attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation."

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[{"id":1592398,"front":"Describe the method of introspection used by Wilhelm Wundt in his psychological studies.","back":"Introspection, used by Wilhelm Wundt, involved recording conscious thoughts by noting them down, then attempting to break these thoughts down into structures. This method was used in the world's first psychology laboratory, opened by Wundt in 1879.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Wilhelm Wundt used a method called introspection in his psychological studies. This involved recording conscious thoughts and then analyzing them by breaking them down into structures. Wundt's use of introspection was significant because he opened the world's first psychology laboratory in 1879, making him a pioneer in the field of psychology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592402,"front":"How did early behaviourists like John B. Watson critique the method of introspection?","back":"Early behaviourists like John B. Watson criticized the method of introspection for being subjective and varying too much from person to person. They argued that it was impossible to test people’s inward, private thoughts, and that psychology should focus on studying observable behaviour.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Early behaviourists like John B. Watson criticized introspection because it was considered subjective and lacked consistency across individuals. They argued that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than trying to study people's private thoughts. This criticism stemmed from the belief that introspection was not a reliable or scientific method of studying human behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592408,"front":"Define the cognitive approach in psychology that became popular in the 1960s.","back":"The cognitive approach in psychology emphasizes the legitimacy of attempting to uncover thought processes, which can be indirectly tested in experiments. It became popular in the 1960s.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The cognitive approach in psychology gained popularity in the 1960s due to its focus on understanding thought processes. This approach recognized the importance of studying mental processes and how they influence behavior. It emphasized the use of experiments to indirectly test and uncover these cognitive processes. This shift in perspective allowed researchers to explore the inner workings of the mind and paved the way for advancements in cognitive psychology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592412,"front":"What is the main assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology?","back":"The main assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology is that only observable behaviour can, and therefore should, be investigated, as it cannot be known what is happening in 'the mind'.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The behaviourist approach in psychology assumes that the focus of study should be on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes. This is because mental states cannot be directly observed or measured, making them difficult to study scientifically. Instead, behaviourists believe that behavior can be explained and predicted by understanding the environmental stimuli and reinforcements that shape it. By focusing on observable behavior, behaviourists aim to make psychology a more objective and scientific discipline.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592416,"front":"Describe the emergence of cognitive neuroscience at the end of the 20th century.","back":"Cognitive neuroscience emerged at the end of the 20th century, combining elements of the cognitive and biological approaches. It emphasizes the role of biological structures in determining thought processes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Cognitive neuroscience emerged at the end of the 20th century as a result of combining cognitive and biological approaches. This field focuses on understanding how biological structures influence cognitive processes, such as perception, attention, and memory. By studying the relationship between the brain and cognitive functions, cognitive neuroscience provides valuable insights into the neural basis of human cognition. This interdisciplinary approach has led to significant advancements in our understanding of the brain and its role in cognition.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592426,"front":"What is the significance of Wundt's use of scientific methods in his psychological studies?","back":"Wundt's use of scientific methods, such as giving participants the same procedure and instructions and minimizing the impact of extraneous variables, helped move psychology away from philosophy and towards the scientific method.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Wundt's use of scientific methods in his psychological studies was significant because it marked a shift from philosophy to a more rigorous and empirical approach. By employing standardized procedures and minimizing extraneous variables, Wundt ensured that his experiments were replicable and reliable. This emphasis on scientific methods helped establish psychology as a legitimate scientific discipline, paving the way for future advancements in the field.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592440,"front":"How did the biological approach, popular in the 1980s, study psychology?","back":"The biological approach, popular in the 1980s, studied psychology through methods such as brain-scanning techniques and looking at the effect of drugs on behaviour. It emphasizes the role of the brain and physical processes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The biological approach in psychology during the 1980s focused on studying the relationship between biology and behavior. Researchers used brain-scanning techniques to understand how the brain influences behavior. Additionally, they examined the effects of drugs on behavior to gain insights into the role of physical processes in psychological functioning. This approach emphasized the importance of the brain and biological factors in understanding human behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592452,"front":"Describe the concept of Classical Conditioning as studied by Ivan Pavlov.","back":"Classical Conditioning is the idea that learning takes place through association. Pavlov demonstrated this through experimenting on dogs. When he presented an unconditioned stimulus (food) alongside a neutral stimulus (ringing a bell), the dogs salivated (unconditioned response) at being presented with the food. Once the unconditioned and neutral stimulus were paired a few times, the dog salivated just at the sound of the bell being rung. The bell had become a conditioned stimulus, producing the conditioned response of salivation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Classical Conditioning is a type of learning where an organism forms associations between stimuli. Pavlov's experiment with dogs demonstrated this process. By pairing an unconditioned stimulus (food) with a neutral stimulus (bell), the dogs learned to associate the bell with the food. Eventually, the bell alone became a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response (salivation). This shows how a neutral stimulus can acquire the ability to produce a response through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592463,"front":"Define Operant Conditioning as studied by BF Skinner.","back":"Operant Conditioning is the idea that learning takes place through rewards and punishments. Positive reinforcement is when a reward is given in response to a behaviour, making that behaviour more likely to be repeated. Negative reinforcement is when something unpleasant is avoided in response to a behaviour, making that behaviour more likely to be repeated. Punishment (an unpleasant consequence) makes a behaviour less likely to be repeated.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Operant conditioning, studied by BF Skinner, is a learning process where behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments. Positive reinforcement involves giving a reward to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement involves avoiding something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment, on the other hand, involves an unpleasant consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. This approach focuses on the consequences of behavior to shape future actions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592486,"front":"How did BF Skinner test the concept of Operant Conditioning?","back":"Skinner tested Operant Conditioning using rats and pigeons. In the ‘Skinner Box’, rats were placed in a box with a lever, light, and electrified floor. If the rat pressed the lever when the light was off, it would receive a shock, and if it pressed the lever when the light was on, it received a food pellet. The rats quickly learned to push the switch only when the light was on.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"BF Skinner tested the concept of Operant Conditioning by using rats and pigeons in a controlled environment called the Skinner Box. In this box, rats were exposed to a lever, light, and electrified floor. Through trial and error, the rats learned that pressing the lever when the light was on resulted in a reward (food pellet) and pressing it when the light was off resulted in a punishment (electric shock). This experiment demonstrated how animals can learn to associate specific behaviors with consequences through operant conditioning.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592490,"front":"What are some criticisms of the Behaviourist approach?","back":"The Behaviourist approach has been criticised for being too mechanistic, and discounting the role of thought processes in behaviour, instead seeing humans as passive responders to the environment. This is an over-simplistic explanation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Behaviourist approach has been criticized for its mechanistic nature, as it reduces human behavior to simple stimulus-response reactions. Critics argue that it overlooks the role of cognitive processes and internal mental states in shaping behavior. This criticism suggests that the approach fails to capture the complexity and richness of human behavior, providing an overly simplistic explanation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592495,"front":"What are some real-world applications of Behaviourist principles?","back":"Behaviourist principles have useful real-world applications, for example in developing treatments for phobias (systematic desensitisation) and token economy systems, where rewards are given for desirable behaviours in patients with mental illnesses.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Behaviourist principles have been applied in various real-world contexts. For instance, systematic desensitization, a technique derived from behaviourism, is used to treat phobias by gradually exposing individuals to their fears. Token economy systems, another application, use rewards to reinforce positive behaviours in individuals with mental illnesses. These examples demonstrate how behaviourist principles can be utilized to modify and shape behaviour in practical settings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592501,"front":"What is the Social Learning Theory in relation to Behaviourism?","back":"Social learning theorists share many of the assumptions of behaviourists; that behaviour is conditioned through operant and classical conditioning (direct learning).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Social Learning Theory is closely related to Behaviourism because both theories share the belief that behavior is learned through conditioning. Social learning theorists, like behaviourists, emphasize the importance of direct learning through operant and classical conditioning. However, the Social Learning Theory goes beyond traditional behaviourism by also highlighting the role of observational learning and the influence of social factors on behavior. This theory suggests that individuals can learn by observing others and imitating their behavior, which expands the understanding of how behavior is acquired and shaped.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592504,"front":"Describe the concept of vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory.","back":"Vicarious reinforcement refers to learning through observing someone else being rewarded or punished for a behavior. The observer then learns indirectly that such behaviors are worth (or not worth) repeating.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Vicarious reinforcement is a key concept in social learning theory. It involves learning by observing others being rewarded or punished for their behavior. Through this indirect learning process, individuals learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded or punished, and adjust their own behavior accordingly. This type of learning is based on the idea that individuals can learn from the experiences of others without having to directly experience the consequences themselves. By observing the outcomes of others' actions, individuals can make informed decisions about which behaviors to imitate or avoid.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592510,"front":"What are the four mediational processes suggested by Bandura in social learning theory?","back":"The four mediational processes are attention (noticing a behavior), retention (being able to remember it), motor reproduction (the ability to imitate the action), and motivation (the desire to imitate the action, linked to the perceived likelihood of reward or punishment).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Bandura proposed four mediational processes in social learning theory. Attention refers to the act of noticing a behavior. Retention involves the ability to remember the observed behavior. Motor reproduction refers to the capability to imitate the action. Motivation is the desire to imitate the behavior, which is influenced by the perceived likelihood of reward or punishment. These processes play a crucial role in how individuals learn from observing others.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592513,"front":"Explain the role of identification in social learning theory.","back":"In social learning theory, identification refers to the tendency of children to imitate others' behavior. They identify with 'role models', who are likely to be similar to them and have attractive qualities, such as success and status.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Identification plays a crucial role in social learning theory as it involves the process of imitating the behavior of others. Children are more likely to imitate individuals they identify with, such as role models who possess desirable qualities like success and status. This identification with role models helps shape their own behavior and allows them to learn from the experiences and actions of others. By observing and imitating these role models, individuals can acquire new skills, knowledge, and behaviors that contribute to their social development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592515,"front":"How was the concept of mediational processes demonstrated in Bandura’s Bobo doll study?","back":"In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, children were shown a film of an adult attacking a Bobo doll, then copied the aggressive actions when placed in a room with the same doll. This demonstrated the mediational processes of attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In Bandura's Bobo doll study, the concept of mediational processes was demonstrated through the observation of children's behavior. The study showed that children paid attention to the aggressive actions of the adult, retained the information, reproduced the behavior when given the opportunity, and were motivated to do so. This highlights the role of cognitive processes in learning and behavior, as well as the influence of observational learning on individuals.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"p55Oo","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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