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Polymers

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards covers the fundamentals and specifics of polymer chemistry, including types of polymerisation, formation of polyesters and polyamides, chemical structures and formulae of key monomers and polymers, and the reactivity and decomposition of condensation polymers.

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"Define condensation polymerization."	"Condensation polymerization is a type of polymerization where monomers react to form a polymer while eliminating a small molecule, such as water."
"How can the rates of decomposition be improved for polymers?"	"Using more biodegradable plastics, such as polyamides and cellulose and starch-based polymers, can improve the rates of decomposition."
"What is the most common method of disposal for waste in the UK?"	"The most common method of disposal for waste in the UK is landfill."
"How do intermolecular forces differ between polyesters and polyamides?"	"Polyesters have permanent dipole forces between the carbonyl groups in different chains, while polyamides have hydrogen bonding between the oxygen and hydrogen groups in different chains."
"What is the result of hydrolysis in polyesters and polyamides?"	"Hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides results in the formation of the original monomers, with the carboxylic acid or amine group in salt form depending on the conditions (alkaline or acidic)."
"Describe the chemical reactivity of condensation polymers."	"Condensation polymers can be broken down by hydrolysis, which involves the attack of nucleophiles and acids on the polar bonds present in polyesters and polyamides."
"Do polyamides and polyesters require two different monomers to form?"	"No, polyamides and polyesters can form from one monomer if it contains both functional groups needed to react."
"What can some of these compounds form under different conditions?"	"Some of these compounds can form various cyclic esters under different conditions."
"What is the classification of polyamides and polyesters?"	"Polyamides and polyesters are classified as condensation polymers."
"Describe the structure of 4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride."	"4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride has a structure with a hydroxyl group, a butanoyl group, and a chlorine atom."
"How is poly(lactic acid) formed?"	"Poly(lactic acid) is formed by the condensation polymerization of lactic acid molecules."
"Describe the two types of polymerisation."	"The two types of polymerisation are addition and condensation."
"What is the monomer used to produce Kevlar?"	"The monomer used to produce Kevlar is hexane-1,6-diamine."
"Describe Nylon 6,6."	"Nylon 6,6 is a common polyamide with 6 carbons in each monomer. It is formed through condensation polymerization."
"How is polyamide formed in condensation polymerisation?"	"Polyamide is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine, producing an amide and water."
"Define terylene."	"Terylene is a common polyester used in clothing and tire cords."
"How are polyesters formed in condensation polymerisation?"	"Polyesters are formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing an ester and water."
"What are the two most common types of condensation polymers?"	"The two most common types of condensation polymers are polyesters and polyamides."
"What type of polymer forms in addition polymerisation?"	"An addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer."

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Define condensation polymerization.

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Condensation polymerization is a type of polymerization where monomers react to form a polymer while eliminating a small molecule, such as water.

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[{"id":979489,"front":"Define condensation polymerization.","back":"Condensation polymerization is a type of polymerization where monomers react to form a polymer while eliminating a small molecule, such as water.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Condensation polymerization involves the reaction of monomers to form a polymer, with the release of a small molecule like water. This process differs from addition polymerization, which does not involve the elimination of a byproduct. The resulting polymers often have distinct properties due to the nature of the condensation reaction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979500,"front":"How can the rates of decomposition be improved for polymers?","back":"Using more biodegradable plastics, such as polyamides and cellulose and starch-based polymers, can improve the rates of decomposition.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":1,"explanation":"Using more biodegradable plastics like polyamides, cellulose, and starch-based polymers can improve decomposition rates. These materials can be broken down by microorganisms, leading to faster decomposition compared to traditional non-biodegradable plastics. This is due to their chemical structure, which allows for easier breakdown in natural environments.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979499,"front":"What is the most common method of disposal for waste in the UK?","back":"The most common method of disposal for waste in the UK is landfill.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":2,"explanation":"Landfill is the most common waste disposal method in the UK due to its cost-effectiveness and widespread availability. However, there is a growing emphasis on recycling and waste-to-energy technologies to reduce reliance on landfills and minimize environmental impact.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979498,"front":"How do intermolecular forces differ between polyesters and polyamides?","back":"Polyesters have permanent dipole forces between the carbonyl groups in different chains, while polyamides have hydrogen bonding between the oxygen and hydrogen groups in different chains.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":3,"explanation":"Polyesters exhibit permanent dipole forces due to the polarity of the carbonyl groups, whereas polyamides rely on hydrogen bonding facilitated by the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These distinct intermolecular forces contribute to the unique properties and behaviors of each polymer.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979497,"front":"What is the result of hydrolysis in polyesters and polyamides?","back":"Hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides results in the formation of the original monomers, with the carboxylic acid or amine group in salt form depending on the conditions (alkaline or acidic).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":4,"explanation":"Hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides leads to the breakdown of the polymer chains into their original monomers. This occurs through the cleavage of ester or amide bonds, resulting in the formation of carboxylic acid or amine groups in salt form, depending on the specific hydrolysis conditions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979496,"front":"Describe the chemical reactivity of condensation polymers.","back":"Condensation polymers can be broken down by hydrolysis, which involves the attack of nucleophiles and acids on the polar bonds present in polyesters and polyamides.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":5,"explanation":"Condensation polymers exhibit susceptibility to hydrolysis due to the presence of ester or amide bonds. This process involves nucleophiles or acids breaking these bonds, leading to depolymerization. The polar nature of these bonds makes them prone to attack, affecting the overall stability of the polymer structure.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979495,"front":"Do polyamides and polyesters require two different monomers to form?","back":"No, polyamides and polyesters can form from one monomer if it contains both functional groups needed to react.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":6,"explanation":"Polyamides and polyesters can be formed from a single monomer if it possesses the necessary functional groups for the reaction. This versatility in monomer composition allows for the creation of diverse polymers with distinct properties from a single precursor molecule.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979494,"front":"What can some of these compounds form under different conditions?","back":"Some of these compounds can form various cyclic esters under different conditions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":7,"explanation":"Under different conditions, some compounds can undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic esters, a process known as lactonization. This occurs when a hydroxyl group and a carboxylic acid group within the compound react, resulting in the formation of a cyclic ester. This process is influenced by factors such as temperature, solvent, and catalysts.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979493,"front":"What is the classification of polyamides and polyesters?","back":"Polyamides and polyesters are classified as condensation polymers.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":8,"explanation":"Polyamides and polyesters are categorized as condensation polymers due to the way they are formed through a condensation reaction, where monomers combine and release a small molecule like water. This distinguishes them from addition polymers formed by simple monomer addition.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979492,"front":"Describe the structure of 4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride.","back":"4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride has a structure with a hydroxyl group, a butanoyl group, and a chlorine atom.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":9,"explanation":"4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride contains a butanoyl group, which is a four-carbon chain with a carbonyl group at the second carbon, a hydroxyl group at the fourth carbon, and a chlorine atom attached to the acyl group. This arrangement gives the molecule its distinct chemical properties and reactivity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979491,"front":"How is poly(lactic acid) formed?","back":"Poly(lactic acid) is formed by the condensation polymerization of lactic acid molecules.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":10,"explanation":"Poly(lactic acid) is formed through condensation polymerization, where lactic acid molecules react to form a polymer chain. This process involves the removal of a small molecule, usually water, as the monomers join together. This results in the formation of a long chain polymer with repeating lactic acid units.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979470,"front":"Describe the two types of polymerisation.","back":"The two types of polymerisation are addition and condensation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":11,"explanation":"Addition polymerization involves the repeated addition of monomers without the formation of any byproducts, while condensation polymerization results in the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol during the polymerization process. These two methods have distinct mechanisms and characteristics.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979487,"front":"What is the monomer used to produce Kevlar?","back":"The monomer used to produce Kevlar is hexane-1,6-diamine.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":12,"explanation":"Hexane-1,6-diamine is used to produce Kevlar due to its unique chemical structure. It undergoes a polymerization process to form long chains of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide, which gives Kevlar its exceptional strength and heat resistance.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979485,"front":"Describe Nylon 6,6.","back":"Nylon 6,6 is a common polyamide with 6 carbons in each monomer. It is formed through condensation polymerization.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":13,"explanation":"Nylon 6,6 is a widely used polyamide due to its strong and durable properties. Its name comes from the six carbon atoms in each monomer. The production process involves condensation polymerization, resulting in a material with excellent mechanical strength and chemical resistance.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979483,"front":"How is polyamide formed in condensation polymerisation?","back":"Polyamide is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine, producing an amide and water.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":14,"explanation":"Polyamide formation in condensation polymerization involves the combination of a carboxylic acid and an amine. This reaction leads to the creation of an amide bond and water as a byproduct. The process is crucial in the production of various types of polyamides with distinct properties.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979477,"front":"Define terylene.","back":"Terylene is a common polyester used in clothing and tire cords.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":16,"explanation":"Terylene, a type of polyester, is known for its durability, wrinkle resistance, and ability to retain its shape well. It is often used in various textiles due to its strength and resistance to stretching, making it a popular choice for clothing and industrial applications like tire cords.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979475,"front":"How are polyesters formed in condensation polymerisation?","back":"Polyesters are formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing an ester and water.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":17,"explanation":"Polyesters are created through a condensation reaction where a carboxylic acid and an alcohol combine, leading to the formation of an ester linkage and water as a byproduct. This process is a type of step-growth polymerization, where small molecules are joined together to form a larger polymer chain.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979473,"front":"What are the two most common types of condensation polymers?","back":"The two most common types of condensation polymers are polyesters and polyamides.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":18,"explanation":"Polyesters and polyamides are prevalent in everyday materials like clothing, plastic bottles, and carpets. They are formed through condensation reactions where small molecules are eliminated to create long chains, contributing to their widespread use in various industries.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979471,"front":"What type of polymer forms in addition polymerisation?","back":"An addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":19,"explanation":"Addition polymerization involves the reaction of unsaturated monomers, such as alkenes, to form a polymer without the elimination of any byproducts. This process occurs through the opening of double bonds in monomers to link them together in a chain-like structure.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"kteZ6","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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