Research Method: Scientific Method & TechniquesFlashcards - AQA Psychology

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Research Method: Scientific Method & Techniques

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards encompasses fundamental concepts in research methodology, detailing the definitions and distinctions among key elements such as study aims, hypotheses, variables, sampling techniques, and experimental designs. It also covers controls for bias and reliability, observational research, questionnaires, and interviews. Each card presents a specific term or concept on the front, with a concise explanation or delineation on the back.

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"Define the aim of a study in the context of research methods."	"The aim of a study is the purpose of a piece of research. It outlines what the research intends to investigate or understand."
"What is a hypothesis in scientific research?"	"A hypothesis is a prediction of what the results will be in a study. It can be directional (predicting the expected effect of a variable) or non-directional (predicting a difference but not the nature of the difference)."
"Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables in an experiment."	"The independent variable (IV) is the variable manipulated or changed by the researcher. The dependent variable (DV) is the result, which should be affected by the change in IV. IVs and DVs must be operationalised, or put into a form which is measurable."
"What are extraneous variables in the context of scientific research?"	"Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable if not controlled for. They can potentially impact the results of experiments."
"Define confounding variables in scientific research."	"Confounding variables are variables other than the independent variable that have (or almost certainly have) had an effect on the dependent variable. They vary systematically with the independent variable."
"What are demand characteristics in an experimental situation?"	"Demand characteristics are clues which participants respond to when in an experimental situation. Participants may try to guess the aim or intended outcome of a study and therefore change their behaviour accordingly. They are a form of participant reactivity."
"Define 'Investigator effects' in the context of research methods."	"Investigator effects are any unwanted influences that the investigator or experimenter communicates to the participants which affects their behaviour. These can be minimised by the use of standardised instructions, or the double-blind procedure."
"What is 'Randomisation' in the context of research methods?"	"Randomisation is a way of controlling for the effects of extraneous or confounding variables. Allocating participants to tasks, selecting samples of participants, and so on, should be left to chance as far as possible, to reduce the investigator’s influence on a study."
"Explain the concept of 'Standardisation' in research methods."	"Standardisation is where the experience of an experiment is kept identical for every participant, as far as possible, for example using standardised instructions. This reduces the effect of extraneous or confounding variables."
"Describe the difference between 'Single and double-blind' procedures in research methods."	"The single-blind procedure is when the participant does not know the aim of the study, reducing the possibility of demand characteristics from affecting the results. Double-blind is when the investigator who deals with the participants also does not know the aim of the study, reducing the chance of investigator effects."
"What is the purpose of 'Control groups' in research methods?"	"Control groups are used for the purpose of comparison, often when testing the effects of a drug. One group of participants (the ‘experimental group’) will be given the real drug, another group a placebo. This can allow the researcher to directly compare the results of the two groups."
"Define 'Random' sampling technique in research methods."	"In random sampling, each member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. For example, using a random name or number generator, or picking names out of a hat."
"Explain 'Stratified' sampling technique in research methods."	"In stratified sampling, the make-up of the sample reflects the make-up of the target population. For example, if studying teachers, as there are more female than male teachers, there should be more female participants. Once these quotas are identified, the participants to fill them are selected at random from the target population."
"What is 'Opportunity' sampling technique in research methods?"	"In opportunity sampling, participants are selected from whoever is most easily available. For example, standing in the street one afternoon and approaching passers-by to see if they want to take part."
"Describe the concept of 'Volunteer' in a research study."	"In a research study, 'Volunteer' refers to participants who put themselves forward to take part in the study. This could be in response to a newspaper or internet advert asking for volunteers."
"Define 'Pilot Studies' in the context of research."	"'Pilot Studies' are small-scale trial runs of an experiment. They are conducted to check that the procedure works smoothly and that there are no misconceptions. Any problems can be addressed and the procedures amended for the real study."
"Explain the concept of 'Experimental Design' in research."	"'Experimental Design' refers to how participants are allocated to experimental conditions. It includes independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs."
"What are the advantages and disadvantages of 'Independent Groups' in experimental design?"	"Advantages: participants are less likely to guess the aim of the study, and there are no order effects. Disadvantages: there may be differences between the two groups of people, which may cause differences in the results. Twice as many participants are needed."
"What are the advantages and disadvantages of 'Repeated Measures' in experimental design?"	"Advantages: there are no participant variables between the conditions, and fewer participants are needed. Disadvantages: there are order effects which may influence the results. This can be addressed by counterbalancing."
"What are the advantages and disadvantages of 'Matched Pairs' in experimental design?"	"Advantages: order effects and demand characteristics are less likely to have an impact, and participant variables are reduced. Disadvantages: participants can never be matched perfectly, so there might still be some participant variables. Matched pairs is the most time-consuming and expensive design to use."
"Describe the difference between 'Structured' and 'Unstructured' observational design."	"'Structured' observational design involves focusing on particular behaviours or actions and only recording these. 'Unstructured' observational design involves recording everything that is going on."
"Define 'Behavioural categories' in the context of observational research."	"Behavioural categories is the process of making a target behaviour measurable, by breaking it down into observable components. This allows different observers to use the same checklist of behaviours, as they are not subjective."
"What are the two sampling methods used in unstructured observations?"	"The two sampling methods used in unstructured observations are event sampling and time sampling. Event sampling is when a record is made of each example of a particular behaviour during the observation. Time sampling is when behaviours are recorded in a specific timeframe."
"What is 'Inter-observer reliability' in observational research?"	"Inter-observer reliability refers to the level of agreement between different observers. It is used to lessen the risk of observer bias affecting the results. The level of reliability is worked out by correlating the pairs of observations made."
"Describe the different types of questions that can be used in a questionnaire."	"Questionnaires can use open or closed questions, Likert scales, rating scales, and fixed-choice options. Likert scales indicate depth of feeling, rating scales indicate strength of opinion, and fixed-choice options require the responder to select from a pre-determined response."
"What are the three types of interviews?"	"The three types of interviews are unstructured, structured, and semi-structured."
"What are some guidelines for writing effective questions for questionnaires or interviews?"	"Effective questions should be free of technical language and unfamiliar terms, avoid emotive language and leading questions, not be 'double-barrelled', and avoid double negatives."

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Define the aim of a study in the context of research methods.

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The aim of a study is the purpose of a piece of research. It outlines what the research intends to investigate or understand.

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[{"id":1590961,"front":"Define the aim of a study in the context of research methods.","back":"The aim of a study is the purpose of a piece of research. It outlines what the research intends to investigate or understand.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The aim of a study is crucial in research methods as it sets the direction and purpose of the research. It provides a clear focus and objective for the study, guiding the researcher in what they want to investigate or understand. Without a well-defined aim, the study may lack clarity and may not yield meaningful results. The aim helps to ensure that the research is purposeful and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in a specific field.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590962,"front":"What is a hypothesis in scientific research?","back":"A hypothesis is a prediction of what the results will be in a study. It can be directional (predicting the expected effect of a variable) or non-directional (predicting a difference but not the nature of the difference).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A hypothesis in scientific research is a prediction made about the expected results of a study. It serves as a tentative explanation for a phenomenon or relationship between variables. A hypothesis can be directional, meaning it predicts the specific effect of a variable, or non-directional, predicting a difference without specifying the nature of the difference. Hypotheses are important in guiding the research process and testing theories.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590963,"front":"Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables in an experiment.","back":"The independent variable (IV) is the variable manipulated or changed by the researcher. The dependent variable (DV) is the result, which should be affected by the change in IV. IVs and DVs must be operationalised, or put into a form which is measurable.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the result affected by the change in the independent variable. Both variables must be operationalized for measurement. This ensures that the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable can be accurately assessed.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590964,"front":"What are extraneous variables in the context of scientific research?","back":"Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable if not controlled for. They can potentially impact the results of experiments.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Extraneous variables are crucial to identify and control in research to ensure that any observed effects are truly due to the independent variable being studied. Failing to account for these variables can introduce confounding factors and lead to inaccurate conclusions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590967,"front":"Define confounding variables in scientific research.","back":"Confounding variables are variables other than the independent variable that have (or almost certainly have) had an effect on the dependent variable. They vary systematically with the independent variable.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Confounding variables are factors that can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in a study. These variables are not the focus of the study but can still impact the results. They often vary alongside the independent variable, making it difficult to determine the true cause of the observed effects. Controlling for confounding variables is crucial to ensure accurate and reliable research findings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590971,"front":"What are demand characteristics in an experimental situation?","back":"Demand characteristics are clues which participants respond to when in an experimental situation. Participants may try to guess the aim or intended outcome of a study and therefore change their behaviour accordingly. They are a form of participant reactivity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Demand characteristics in an experimental situation refer to cues or hints that participants pick up on, leading them to alter their behavior in response. These cues can include the aim or expected outcome of the study. This phenomenon is known as participant reactivity. Participants may consciously or unconsciously modify their behavior to align with what they believe the researcher wants or expects. This can potentially introduce bias and affect the validity of the study's results. Researchers must be aware of and minimize demand characteristics to ensure accurate and unbiased data collection.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590979,"front":"Define 'Investigator effects' in the context of research methods.","back":"Investigator effects are any unwanted influences that the investigator or experimenter communicates to the participants which affects their behaviour. These can be minimised by the use of standardised instructions, or the double-blind procedure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Investigator effects refer to unintended biases or influences that researchers may introduce to participants, impacting their behavior. These can be mitigated through standardized instructions or the double-blind procedure to ensure the integrity of the research findings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590983,"front":"What is 'Randomisation' in the context of research methods?","back":"Randomisation is a way of controlling for the effects of extraneous or confounding variables. Allocating participants to tasks, selecting samples of participants, and so on, should be left to chance as far as possible, to reduce the investigator’s influence on a study.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Randomisation is crucial in research to minimize bias and ensure results are not skewed by external factors. By randomly assigning participants or selecting samples, researchers can increase the validity and reliability of their findings. This method helps to create more accurate and generalizable results.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590988,"front":"Explain the concept of 'Standardisation' in research methods.","back":"Standardisation is where the experience of an experiment is kept identical for every participant, as far as possible, for example using standardised instructions. This reduces the effect of extraneous or confounding variables.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Standardisation in research methods ensures consistency by keeping the experimental conditions the same for all participants. This minimizes the impact of external factors, leading to more reliable and valid results. It involves using uniform procedures and instructions to control variables.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590991,"front":"Describe the difference between 'Single and double-blind' procedures in research methods.","back":"The single-blind procedure is when the participant does not know the aim of the study, reducing the possibility of demand characteristics from affecting the results. Double-blind is when the investigator who deals with the participants also does not know the aim of the study, reducing the chance of investigator effects.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Single-blind procedures involve participants being unaware of the study's aim, reducing demand characteristics. Double-blind extends this by keeping investigators unaware too, minimizing investigator bias. Both methods enhance research validity by reducing potential sources of bias.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590992,"front":"What is the purpose of 'Control groups' in research methods?","back":"Control groups are used for the purpose of comparison, often when testing the effects of a drug. One group of participants (the ‘experimental group’) will be given the real drug, another group a placebo. This can allow the researcher to directly compare the results of the two groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Control groups are essential in research to isolate the impact of the treatment being studied. By comparing outcomes between the group receiving the actual treatment and the control group receiving no treatment or a placebo, researchers can determine the true effects of the intervention. This method helps establish causality and minimize bias in the results.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1590995,"front":"Define 'Random' sampling technique in research methods.","back":"In random sampling, each member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. For example, using a random name or number generator, or picking names out of a hat.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Random sampling is crucial in research to ensure unbiased representation of the population. It helps minimize selection bias and allows for generalizability of results. By giving each member an equal opportunity to be chosen, random sampling enhances the validity and reliability of study findings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591003,"front":"Explain 'Stratified' sampling technique in research methods.","back":"In stratified sampling, the make-up of the sample reflects the make-up of the target population. For example, if studying teachers, as there are more female than male teachers, there should be more female participants. Once these quotas are identified, the participants to fill them are selected at random from the target population.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Stratified sampling ensures proportional representation of different subgroups within a population. By dividing the population into distinct strata based on certain characteristics, researchers can capture the diversity of the population more accurately. This method helps in reducing sampling bias and increasing the reliability of research findings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591005,"front":"What is 'Opportunity' sampling technique in research methods?","back":"In opportunity sampling, participants are selected from whoever is most easily available. For example, standing in the street one afternoon and approaching passers-by to see if they want to take part.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Opportunity sampling is a non-probability sampling technique used in research methods. It involves selecting participants based on their availability and accessibility. This method is convenient and efficient as it allows researchers to gather data from individuals who are easily accessible at a particular time and place. However, it may introduce bias as the sample may not be representative of the entire population.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591011,"front":"Describe the concept of 'Volunteer' in a research study.","back":"In a research study, 'Volunteer' refers to participants who put themselves forward to take part in the study. This could be in response to a newspaper or internet advert asking for volunteers.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Volunteers in a research study are individuals who willingly participate, often in response to recruitment efforts such as advertisements. Their voluntary involvement ensures that they are not coerced and that their participation is based on their own decision. This helps maintain the ethical integrity of the study.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591017,"front":"Define 'Pilot Studies' in the context of research.","back":"'Pilot Studies' are small-scale trial runs of an experiment. They are conducted to check that the procedure works smoothly and that there are no misconceptions. Any problems can be addressed and the procedures amended for the real study.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Pilot studies are essential in research to identify and address any potential issues before conducting the actual study. They help ensure the smooth functioning of procedures and prevent misconceptions, ultimately improving the quality and reliability of the main study's results.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591024,"front":"Explain the concept of 'Experimental Design' in research.","back":"'Experimental Design' refers to how participants are allocated to experimental conditions. It includes independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Experimental design is crucial in research as it determines how participants are assigned to different groups, impacting the validity of the study. It involves various methods like independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs, influencing the reliability of the results.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591038,"front":"What are the advantages and disadvantages of 'Independent Groups' in experimental design?","back":"Advantages: participants are less likely to guess the aim of the study, and there are no order effects. Disadvantages: there may be differences between the two groups of people, which may cause differences in the results. Twice as many participants are needed.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Independent groups in experimental design offer advantages like reducing the likelihood of participants guessing the study's aim and eliminating order effects. However, potential disadvantages include differences between groups impacting results and requiring double the participants compared to other designs.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591045,"front":"What are the advantages and disadvantages of 'Repeated Measures' in experimental design?","back":"Advantages: there are no participant variables between the conditions, and fewer participants are needed. Disadvantages: there are order effects which may influence the results. This can be addressed by counterbalancing.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Repeated measures design is advantageous as it reduces participant variability and requires fewer participants. However, it can lead to order effects influencing results. Counterbalancing can help mitigate this issue by varying the order of conditions across participants.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591049,"front":"What are the advantages and disadvantages of 'Matched Pairs' in experimental design?","back":"Advantages: order effects and demand characteristics are less likely to have an impact, and participant variables are reduced. Disadvantages: participants can never be matched perfectly, so there might still be some participant variables. Matched pairs is the most time-consuming and expensive design to use.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Matched pairs in experimental design have advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that it reduces the impact of order effects and demand characteristics. Additionally, it helps to minimize participant variables. However, it is important to note that participants can never be perfectly matched, so some participant variables may still exist. Another drawback is that matched pairs design is time-consuming and expensive compared to other designs.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591053,"front":"Describe the difference between 'Structured' and 'Unstructured' observational design.","back":"'Structured' observational design involves focusing on particular behaviours or actions and only recording these. 'Unstructured' observational design involves recording everything that is going on.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Structured observational design involves focusing on specific behaviors or actions, while unstructured design involves recording all activities. Structured design allows for targeted data collection, while unstructured design captures a broader range of behaviors. Each approach has its own advantages and limitations in observational research.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591060,"front":"Define 'Behavioural categories' in the context of observational research.","back":"Behavioural categories is the process of making a target behaviour measurable, by breaking it down into observable components. This allows different observers to use the same checklist of behaviours, as they are not subjective.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In observational research, defining behavioral categories involves breaking down behaviors into specific, observable components to ensure consistency among different observers. This process makes target behaviors measurable and reduces subjectivity in data collection. It enables researchers to use standardized checklists for accurate observations.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591065,"front":"What are the two sampling methods used in unstructured observations?","back":"The two sampling methods used in unstructured observations are event sampling and time sampling. Event sampling is when a record is made of each example of a particular behaviour during the observation. Time sampling is when behaviours are recorded in a specific timeframe.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Event sampling and time sampling are common in unstructured observations as they help capture different aspects of behavior. Event sampling focuses on specific behaviors, while time sampling provides a snapshot of behaviors over set intervals. Both methods offer valuable insights into behavior patterns during observations.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591070,"front":"What is 'Inter-observer reliability' in observational research?","back":"Inter-observer reliability refers to the level of agreement between different observers. It is used to lessen the risk of observer bias affecting the results. The level of reliability is worked out by correlating the pairs of observations made.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Inter-observer reliability is important in observational research because it ensures that the results are not influenced by observer bias. By comparing the observations made by different observers, researchers can determine the level of agreement between them. This helps to establish the consistency and accuracy of the observations, increasing the reliability of the findings. Correlating the pairs of observations allows for a quantitative measure of inter-observer reliability to be calculated.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591076,"front":"Describe the different types of questions that can be used in a questionnaire.","back":"Questionnaires can use open or closed questions, Likert scales, rating scales, and fixed-choice options. Likert scales indicate depth of feeling, rating scales indicate strength of opinion, and fixed-choice options require the responder to select from a pre-determined response.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Questionnaires are versatile tools for gathering data. Open questions allow for detailed responses, capturing nuanced opinions. Closed questions streamline analysis, while Likert and rating scales quantify attitudes. Fixed-choice options simplify decision-making, ensuring clarity and focus in responses, which enhances data reliability.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591080,"front":"What are the three types of interviews?","back":"The three types of interviews are unstructured, structured, and semi-structured.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"There are three types of interviews: unstructured, structured, and semi-structured. Unstructured interviews allow for open-ended questions and free-flowing conversation. Structured interviews follow a predetermined set of questions. Semi-structured interviews combine elements of both, with some predetermined questions and room for additional discussion. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the goals and context of the interview.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1591087,"front":"What are some guidelines for writing effective questions for questionnaires or interviews?","back":"Effective questions should be free of technical language and unfamiliar terms, avoid emotive language and leading questions, not be 'double-barrelled', and avoid double negatives.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Effective questions in questionnaires or interviews should be clear, concise, and easy to understand. They should also be unbiased, neutral, and not influence the respondent's answers. Additionally, questions should be relevant to the topic being explored and should be structured in a logical order to maintain coherence and flow in the questionnaire or interview process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"jnvAD","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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