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Define 'crime' in the context of forensic psychology.

In forensic psychology, 'crime' is typically defined as any action which breaks a law and results in a punishment, such as imprisonment.

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"Define 'crime' in the context of forensic psychology."	"In forensic psychology, 'crime' is typically defined as any action which breaks a law and results in a punishment, such as imprisonment."
"Describe the cultural and historical issues in defining crime."	"Cultural issues in defining crime arise when actions considered a crime in one culture are not classed as a crime in another. Historical issues refer to how definitions of crime change over time, with certain acts being criminalized or decriminalized based on societal norms and laws."
"How are official statistics used in measuring crime?"	"Official statistics are government records of numbers of crimes reported to the police and recorded in official figures. They are used by the government to develop crime prevention strategies."
"What are the limitations of using official statistics in measuring crime?"	"Official statistics may underestimate the extent of crime as they only include reported crimes. Some police forces may not record every crime they deal with, especially minor ones, reducing the validity of these statistics."
"What is the purpose of victim surveys in measuring crime?"	"Victim surveys ask victims about their experience of crime. They can be more accurate than official statistics as they include crimes not reported to the police, providing potentially more trustworthy information."
"Explain the concept of 'offender surveys' in measuring crime."	"Offender surveys record examples of crimes by asking offenders to give details about crimes they have committed. They provide insight into how many people are involved in the committing of a crime."
"What is the 'top-down approach' in offender profiling?"	"The top-down approach in offender profiling originated in the US, particularly the FBI, in the 1970s. It involves matching the characteristics of the crime and the likely offender to a pre-existing 'template', which is then used to guide police investigations."
"Describe the characteristics of organised offenders."	"Organised offenders show evidence of advanced planning, choosing particular victims. They work in an emotionally detached way, leave little evidence, and tend to be intelligent, in skilled professional occupations. They are also able to display normal social and sexual behaviour."
"How do disorganised offenders differ from organised offenders?"	"Disorganised offenders tend to act on the spur of the moment, perhaps in response to a particular emotional trigger. They often leave more evidence behind and tend not to dispose of the body. Such offenders tend to have lower IQs, be in unskilled work (or unemployed), and have histories of psychological and/or sexual dysfunction, in addition to living alone."
"Define the four stages of constructing an FBI profile."	"The four stages are: Data assimilation (reviewing the available evidence), Crime scene classification (organised or disorganised), Crime reconstruction (a hypothesis of what happened), and Profile generation (a hypothesis of the characteristics of the likely offender- background, personality traits, occupation, and so on)."
"What are the limitations of the top-down approach in crime profiling?"	"The top-down approach works best for particular types of crime, such as premeditated murder, rape, torture and so on. It works much less well for crimes such as burglary, because the crime scene reveals little about the offender. It also relies on the prediction that personality characteristics remain fairly stable over time, which may not always be the case."
"Describe the bottom-up approach in crime profiling."	"The bottom-up approach aims to generate a profile of the offender by looking at the available evidence. There are no fixed 'typologies' that will be attempted to be matched to the offender. Instead, a profile should emerge solely from the evidence of each case."
"What is the concept of 'interpersonal coherence' in investigative psychology?"	"'Interpersonal coherence' is the idea that how the offender acts during the crime is likely to relate to their actions in non-criminal situations. For example, a murderer who leaves a very neat and tidy crime scene may be obsessively neat and tidy in everyday life."
"Explain the concept of geographical profiling."	"Geographical profiling involves looking at the location of crimes which seem to have been committed by the same offender ('crime mapping'). Hypotheses can be generated about what the offender is thinking, how they like to operate, where they live or are basing themselves ('centre of gravity'), and where they are next likely to commit a crime (known as the 'jeopardy surface')."
"Describe Canter and Heritage's (1990) findings in relation to forensic psychology."	"Canter and Heritage (1990) found that in cases of sexual assault, the nature of the offence was correlated with specific types of behaviour, such as the use of impersonal language. This suggests that statistical techniques can be useful in identifying behaviour patterns, supporting investigative psychology."
"Define the term 'Atavistic Form' as used by Lombroso (1876)."	"'Atavistic Form' is a term used by Lombroso to describe criminals as genetic throwbacks, more primitive than non-offenders and unsuited to living in civilised society. Lombroso suggested that these individuals could be seen as a 'sub-species' of humanity."
"What are some of the physical characteristics Lombroso associated with the 'Atavistic Form'?"	"Lombroso associated the 'Atavistic Form' with physical characteristics such as a narrow, sloping brow, prominent jaw, high cheekbones, facial asymmetry, dark skin, and physical irregularities like extra toes or fingers."
"How did Lombroso's theories contribute to the field of forensic psychology?"	"Lombroso's theories were the first to explain criminal behaviours in a more scientific way, considering physiology and genetics. This paved the way for further investigation into evolutionary and biological explanations."
"What criticism has been leveled against Lombroso's theories?"	"Lombroso's work has been accused of racism, as many of the atavistic features he identified (such as dark skin, curly hair) are also features of people of African descent. His theories could potentially support selective breeding (eugenics) in humans, which is ethically unjustifiable."
"What did Goring's (1913) research reveal about Lombroso's theories?"	"Goring (1913) found no evidence of particular physical characteristics amongst criminals when comparing 3000 criminals with 3000 non-criminals. This weakens the suggestion that it is possible to identify potential offenders just by sight."
"How do genetic explanations account for criminal behaviour?"	"Genetic explanations suggest that particular genes, or combinations of them, are associated with criminal behaviour. These genes instruct the body how to grow and develop, and determine neuroanatomy (brain structure) and biochemistry (levels of neurotransmitter activity in the brain)."
"Describe the findings of Christiansen (1977) in relation to criminal behaviour in twins."	"Christiansen (1977) found concordance rates of 33% for monozygotic (MZ) twins and 12% for dizygotic (DZ) twins for criminal behaviour, suggesting a possible genetic link."
"Define the diathesis-stress model in the context of criminal behaviour."	"The diathesis-stress model suggests that the tendency for criminal behaviour may be established genetically, but an environmental ‘trigger’, such as a traumatic or dysfunctional childhood, is needed to cause the criminal behaviour."
"How does the structure and workings of the brain relate to criminal behaviour?"	"Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) may have a neural explanation for their condition. For example, individuals with APD have been found to have reduced activity in the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which regulates emotional behaviour. Dysfunction in this area may lead to dysfunction in emotional response."
"Explain the role of the MAOA and CDH13 genes in violent crime according to Tiihonen et al (2014)."	"Tiihonen et al (2014) found that the MAOA gene (linked to dopamine, serotonin, and aggressive behaviour) and the CDH13 gene (linked to attention deficit disorder) may be associated with violent crime."
"What is the significance of mirror neurons in the context of antisocial personality disorder?"	"Keysers et al (2011) found that when criminals were asked to empathise with someone on film experiencing pain, the empathy reaction (controlled by mirror neurons) activated. This suggests that those with APD are capable of empathy, but it is a process that can be switched on and off."
"What are the implications of biological explanations for criminal behaviour?"	"Biological explanations suggest that criminals do not have free will over their behaviour, which has implications for criminal responsibility. A genetic factor could be used as a defence in cases of crime, raising ethical questions about offender responsibility and punishment."

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Define 'crime' in the context of forensic psychology.

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In forensic psychology, 'crime' is typically defined as any action which breaks a law and results in a punishment, such as imprisonment.

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[{"id":1631848,"front":"Define 'crime' in the context of forensic psychology.","back":"In forensic psychology, 'crime' is typically defined as any action which breaks a law and results in a punishment, such as imprisonment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In the context of forensic psychology, the definition of \"crime\" is crucial for understanding criminal behavior and its impact. It encompasses actions that violate established laws and lead to punitive measures, such as incarceration. This definition is fundamental for forensic psychologists in assessing and addressing criminal behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631853,"front":"Describe the cultural and historical issues in defining crime.","back":"Cultural issues in defining crime arise when actions considered a crime in one culture are not classed as a crime in another. Historical issues refer to how definitions of crime change over time, with certain acts being criminalized or decriminalized based on societal norms and laws.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Cultural and historical issues in defining crime stem from the varying perspectives on what constitutes criminal behavior across different cultures and time periods. This leads to discrepancies in legal systems and the evolution of crime definitions based on societal values and norms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631854,"front":"How are official statistics used in measuring crime?","back":"Official statistics are government records of numbers of crimes reported to the police and recorded in official figures. They are used by the government to develop crime prevention strategies.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Official statistics are crucial in measuring crime as they provide a quantitative basis for understanding the prevalence and nature of criminal activities. These statistics serve as a foundation for policy-making, resource allocation, and the development of effective crime prevention strategies. Additionally, they offer insights into trends and patterns, aiding in the assessment of the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631860,"front":"What are the limitations of using official statistics in measuring crime?","back":"Official statistics may underestimate the extent of crime as they only include reported crimes. Some police forces may not record every crime they deal with, especially minor ones, reducing the validity of these statistics.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631866,"front":"What is the purpose of victim surveys in measuring crime?","back":"Victim surveys ask victims about their experience of crime. They can be more accurate than official statistics as they include crimes not reported to the police, providing potentially more trustworthy information.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Victim surveys offer a unique perspective by capturing unreported crimes, revealing the gap between actual incidents and police records. This method highlights the impact of crime on individuals, informs policy decisions, and helps allocate resources effectively, ultimately enhancing crime prevention strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631872,"front":"Explain the concept of 'offender surveys' in measuring crime.","back":"Offender surveys record examples of crimes by asking offenders to give details about crimes they have committed. They provide insight into how many people are involved in the committing of a crime.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Offender surveys offer a unique perspective on crime by directly gathering information from individuals who have engaged in criminal activities. This method helps researchers understand the prevalence of crimes, the characteristics of offenders, and the circumstances surrounding criminal behavior. It provides valuable data that may not be captured through traditional crime reporting mechanisms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631878,"front":"What is the 'top-down approach' in offender profiling?","back":"The top-down approach in offender profiling originated in the US, particularly the FBI, in the 1970s. It involves matching the characteristics of the crime and the likely offender to a pre-existing 'template', which is then used to guide police investigations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The top-down approach in offender profiling relies on established patterns and templates to guide investigations based on the characteristics of the crime and potential offender. It was developed by the FBI in the 1970s and is a structured method for analyzing and solving criminal cases.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631879,"front":"Describe the characteristics of organised offenders.","back":"Organised offenders show evidence of advanced planning, choosing particular victims. They work in an emotionally detached way, leave little evidence, and tend to be intelligent, in skilled professional occupations. They are also able to display normal social and sexual behaviour.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Organised offenders exhibit a high level of sophistication in their criminal activities, meticulously planning their actions and selecting specific targets. Their ability to remain emotionally detached helps them evade detection by leaving minimal evidence. These individuals often possess above-average intelligence and may hold professional jobs. Despite their criminal behavior, they can blend into society and maintain typical social and sexual interactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631882,"front":"How do disorganised offenders differ from organised offenders?","back":"Disorganised offenders tend to act on the spur of the moment, perhaps in response to a particular emotional trigger. They often leave more evidence behind and tend not to dispose of the body. Such offenders tend to have lower IQs, be in unskilled work (or unemployed), and have histories of psychological and/or sexual dysfunction, in addition to living alone.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Disorganized offenders typically lack a well-thought-out plan, leading to impulsive actions and leaving more evidence. They often have lower IQs, work in unskilled jobs or are unemployed, and may have a history of psychological or sexual issues. Living alone is also common among disorganized offenders.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631886,"front":"Define the four stages of constructing an FBI profile.","back":"The four stages are: Data assimilation (reviewing the available evidence), Crime scene classification (organised or disorganised), Crime reconstruction (a hypothesis of what happened), and Profile generation (a hypothesis of the characteristics of the likely offender- background, personality traits, occupation, and so on).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The process of constructing an FBI profile is systematic and analytical, allowing investigators to understand the psychological and behavioral patterns of offenders. Each stage builds on the previous one, ensuring a comprehensive approach that combines evidence with psychological insights, ultimately aiding in narrowing down suspects effectively.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631891,"front":"What are the limitations of the top-down approach in crime profiling?","back":"The top-down approach works best for particular types of crime, such as premeditated murder, rape, torture and so on. It works much less well for crimes such as burglary, because the crime scene reveals little about the offender. It also relies on the prediction that personality characteristics remain fairly stable over time, which may not always be the case.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The top-down approach in crime profiling is effective for crimes with distinct patterns like premeditated murder but less so for crimes like burglary where offender traits are harder to discern from the scene. It assumes stable personality traits, which may not always hold true.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631893,"front":"Describe the bottom-up approach in crime profiling.","back":"The bottom-up approach aims to generate a profile of the offender by looking at the available evidence. There are no fixed 'typologies' that will be attempted to be matched to the offender. Instead, a profile should emerge solely from the evidence of each case.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The bottom-up approach in crime profiling focuses on analyzing specific evidence from a case to create a profile of the offender, rather than relying on predetermined typologies. This method allows for a more tailored and evidence-based understanding of the perpetrator.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631899,"front":"What is the concept of 'interpersonal coherence' in investigative psychology?","back":"'Interpersonal coherence' is the idea that how the offender acts during the crime is likely to relate to their actions in non-criminal situations. For example, a murderer who leaves a very neat and tidy crime scene may be obsessively neat and tidy in everyday life.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"'Interpersonal coherence' in investigative psychology suggests a connection between an offender's behavior during a crime and their behavior in normal circumstances. This concept helps investigators understand and potentially predict an offender's actions based on their consistent behavioral patterns.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631902,"front":"Explain the concept of geographical profiling.","back":"Geographical profiling involves looking at the location of crimes which seem to have been committed by the same offender ('crime mapping'). Hypotheses can be generated about what the offender is thinking, how they like to operate, where they live or are basing themselves ('centre of gravity'), and where they are next likely to commit a crime (known as the 'jeopardy surface').","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Geographical profiling utilizes crime locations to infer patterns and behaviors of offenders. By analyzing spatial data, investigators can predict future crime locations and understand the offender's mindset and habits. This method helps focus investigations and allocate resources effectively.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631907,"front":"Describe Canter and Heritage's (1990) findings in relation to forensic psychology.","back":"Canter and Heritage (1990) found that in cases of sexual assault, the nature of the offence was correlated with specific types of behaviour, such as the use of impersonal language. This suggests that statistical techniques can be useful in identifying behaviour patterns, supporting investigative psychology.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Canter and Heritage's (1990) findings in forensic psychology revealed correlations between the nature of sexual assault offenses and specific behavioral patterns, such as the use of impersonal language. This highlights the potential of statistical techniques in identifying behavior patterns, supporting investigative psychology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631913,"front":"Define the term 'Atavistic Form' as used by Lombroso (1876).","back":"'Atavistic Form' is a term used by Lombroso to describe criminals as genetic throwbacks, more primitive than non-offenders and unsuited to living in civilised society. Lombroso suggested that these individuals could be seen as a 'sub-species' of humanity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Lombroso's concept of \"Atavistic Form\" was a key element in his theory of criminal behavior, attributing criminality to primitive traits. He believed these individuals displayed physical and behavioral characteristics reminiscent of earlier evolutionary stages, suggesting a biological basis for criminal tendencies. Lombroso's work laid the foundation for biological theories of crime.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631917,"front":"What are some of the physical characteristics Lombroso associated with the 'Atavistic Form'?","back":"Lombroso associated the 'Atavistic Form' with physical characteristics such as a narrow, sloping brow, prominent jaw, high cheekbones, facial asymmetry, dark skin, and physical irregularities like extra toes or fingers.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Lombroso's theories stemmed from the belief that criminal behavior was linked to biological traits, suggesting that these physical features indicated a regression to earlier stages of human evolution. This perspective reflects a historical attempt to understand crime through a pseudo-scientific lens, influencing criminology debates.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631920,"front":"How did Lombroso's theories contribute to the field of forensic psychology?","back":"Lombroso's theories were the first to explain criminal behaviours in a more scientific way, considering physiology and genetics. This paved the way for further investigation into evolutionary and biological explanations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Lombroso's work marked a shift from moralistic views of crime to a more empirical approach, emphasizing the role of biological factors. His ideas encouraged the integration of psychology and biology in understanding criminal behavior, influencing future research on the interplay between genetics, environment, and crime.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631924,"front":"What criticism has been leveled against Lombroso's theories?","back":"Lombroso's work has been accused of racism, as many of the atavistic features he identified (such as dark skin, curly hair) are also features of people of African descent. His theories could potentially support selective breeding (eugenics) in humans, which is ethically unjustifiable.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Lombroso's theories reflect a 19th-century perspective that often conflated physical traits with criminality, leading to harmful stereotypes. This reductionist view oversimplifies complex human behaviors and ignores socio-economic factors, contributing to systemic biases and ethical dilemmas in the study of criminology.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631943,"front":"What did Goring's (1913) research reveal about Lombroso's theories?","back":"Goring (1913) found no evidence of particular physical characteristics amongst criminals when comparing 3000 criminals with 3000 non-criminals. This weakens the suggestion that it is possible to identify potential offenders just by sight.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Goring's research challenged the biological determinism of Lombroso's theories, emphasizing that criminal behavior cannot be solely attributed to physical traits. This shift towards understanding social and environmental factors paved the way for more comprehensive approaches in criminology, focusing on psychology and sociology rather than mere appearance.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631944,"front":"How do genetic explanations account for criminal behaviour?","back":"Genetic explanations suggest that particular genes, or combinations of them, are associated with criminal behaviour. These genes instruct the body how to grow and develop, and determine neuroanatomy (brain structure) and biochemistry (levels of neurotransmitter activity in the brain).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Genetic factors can influence personality traits, impulse control, and aggression, which may predispose individuals to criminal behavior. Additionally, variations in neurotransmitter levels can affect mood and decision-making, potentially leading to actions that deviate from societal norms. Understanding these links can inform prevention and intervention strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631945,"front":"Describe the findings of Christiansen (1977) in relation to criminal behaviour in twins.","back":"Christiansen (1977) found concordance rates of 33% for monozygotic (MZ) twins and 12% for dizygotic (DZ) twins for criminal behaviour, suggesting a possible genetic link.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Christiansen's (1977) study revealed higher concordance rates for criminal behavior in monozygotic (MZ) twins compared to dizygotic (DZ) twins. This suggests a potential genetic influence on criminal behavior. The findings support the role of genetics in predisposing individuals to criminal tendencies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631952,"front":"Define the diathesis-stress model in the context of criminal behaviour.","back":"The diathesis-stress model suggests that the tendency for criminal behaviour may be established genetically, but an environmental ‘trigger’, such as a traumatic or dysfunctional childhood, is needed to cause the criminal behaviour.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The diathesis-stress model highlights the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors. In criminal behavior, this means that while some individuals may inherit traits that increase their risk, adverse life experiences can catalyze these tendencies, leading to criminal actions. Understanding this can inform prevention and intervention strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631959,"front":"How does the structure and workings of the brain relate to criminal behaviour?","back":"Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) may have a neural explanation for their condition. For example, individuals with APD have been found to have reduced activity in the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which regulates emotional behaviour. Dysfunction in this area may lead to dysfunction in emotional response.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in decision-making, impulse control, and empathy. Reduced activity in this region can impair an individual's ability to process emotions and understand social cues, potentially leading to increased risk of engaging in criminal behavior. Understanding these neural mechanisms can inform treatment and prevention strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631964,"front":"Explain the role of the MAOA and CDH13 genes in violent crime according to Tiihonen et al (2014).","back":"Tiihonen et al (2014) found that the MAOA gene (linked to dopamine, serotonin, and aggressive behaviour) and the CDH13 gene (linked to attention deficit disorder) may be associated with violent crime.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Tiihonen et al (2014) suggests that the MAOA gene, related to neurotransmitters and aggression, and the CDH13 gene, linked to attention deficit disorder, may have a potential association with violent crime. This highlights the genetic and neurobiological factors that could contribute to aggressive behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631979,"front":"What is the significance of mirror neurons in the context of antisocial personality disorder?","back":"Keysers et al (2011) found that when criminals were asked to empathise with someone on film experiencing pain, the empathy reaction (controlled by mirror neurons) activated. This suggests that those with APD are capable of empathy, but it is a process that can be switched on and off.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mirror neurons play a crucial role in social cognition, allowing individuals to understand and resonate with others' emotions. In the context of antisocial personality disorder, this suggests a complex relationship with empathy, where individuals may selectively engage their empathetic responses, highlighting the potential for change or rehabilitation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1631993,"front":"What are the implications of biological explanations for criminal behaviour?","back":"Biological explanations suggest that criminals do not have free will over their behaviour, which has implications for criminal responsibility. A genetic factor could be used as a defence in cases of crime, raising ethical questions about offender responsibility and punishment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Biological explanations for criminal behavior challenge traditional notions of free will and individual responsibility. They introduce the idea that genetic factors can influence criminal actions, potentially impacting legal proceedings and sentencing. This raises complex ethical dilemmas regarding how society views offenders and administers justice.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"hY4Gs","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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