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Naming and Isomerism

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards covers the nomenclature of organic compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, nitriles, esters, anhydrides, and acyl chlorides. It also explains various forms of isomerism: structural, functional group, stereoisomerism, and optical, as well as mechanisms leading to racemates in chemical reactions.

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"Describe the naming system for aldehydes."	"Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -al."
"Define functional group."	"A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule."
"How are ketones named?"	"Ketones are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -one."
"Describe the naming system for carboxylic acids."	"Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -oic acid."
"What is the order of precedence for naming functional groups?"	"The order of precedence for naming functional groups is carboxylic acids > carboxylic acid derivative > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines > alkenes > halogenoalkanes."
"Describe the naming convention for aldehydes."	"Aldehydes have names that end in -al and the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain."
"What is the naming convention for ketones?"	"Ketones have names that end in -one and the C=O bond is on the second carbon of the chain if there are 5 or more carbons."
"Define carboxylic acids."	"Carboxylic acids have names that end in -oic acid and the numbering of the chain starts from the carboxylic acid end."
"How are amines named?"	"Amines have names that end in -amine. If there is another functional group present, the prefix amino is used."
"Describe the naming convention for secondary amines with two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen."	"Each alkyl group is named and the smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N to indicate its position."
"Describe the naming convention for nitriles."	"Nitriles end in -nitrile, with the C of the CN group counting as the first carbon of the chain."
"What is the difference between the stem of the name for nitriles and carboxylic acids?"	"The stem of the name for nitriles is different, such as butanenitrile instead of butannitrile."
"Define esters and explain the two parts of their names."	"Esters have two parts to their names. The bit ending in -yl comes from the alcohol that has formed it, and the bit ending in -anoate comes from the carboxylic acid."
"How are acid anhydrides named?"	"If the alkyl groups are of different lengths, each one is named separately and joined with the word 'anhydride'. For example, ethanoic propanoic anhydride."
"Describe the naming convention for acyl chlorides."	"Acyl chlorides have -oyl chloride added to the stem name. For example, ethanoyl chloride."
"What is the naming difference between secondary/tertiary amides and primary amides?"	"Secondary and tertiary amides are named differently to show the two or three carbon chains. The smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N."
"Describe structural isomerism."	"Structural isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae."
"What is chain isomerism?"	"Chain isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the carbon chain."
"Define functional group isomerism."	"Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups."
"Explain stereoisomerism."	"Stereoisomerism refers to compounds with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms."
"What is optical isomerism?"	"Optical isomerism occurs in carbon compounds with four different groups attached to an asymmetric carbon atom, resulting in two non-superimposable mirror image isomers."
"Describe the formation of a racemate in a chemical reaction mechanism."	"A racemate is formed when a reactant or intermediate with a trigonal planar group in the molecule is approached from both sides by an attacking species, resulting in an equal chance of either enantiomer forming."
"What is the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones?"	"The mechanism involves the trigonal planar carbonyl group being approached from both sides by the HCN attacking species, resulting in the formation of a racemate."
"How can a racemate be formed in the electrophilic addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene?"	"The bromide can attack the planar carbocation from both sides, leading to the formation of a racemate."
"What is the significance of optical isomers in drug action?"	"Different optical isomers of a drug molecule may have very different effects."
"Describe the stereochemistry of thalidomide."	"Thalidomide has one chiral carbon and exists as two enantiomers."

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Describe the naming system for aldehydes.

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Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -al.

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[{"id":978854,"front":"Describe the naming system for aldehydes.","back":"Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -al.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Aldehydes are named using the suffix \"-al\" instead of the \"-e\" ending found in the alkane from which they are derived. This naming convention helps to identify and differentiate aldehydes from other organic compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978855,"front":"Define functional group.","back":"A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Functional groups are crucial in determining the chemical properties and reactivity of a molecule. They impart distinct characteristics and behaviors, influencing how a molecule interacts with other substances. Understanding functional groups is fundamental in organic chemistry for predicting and explaining chemical reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978856,"front":"How are ketones named?","back":"Ketones are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -one.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Ketones are named using a systematic nomenclature system in organic chemistry. The naming convention involves identifying the longest carbon chain containing the ketone group and replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -one to indicate the presence of the ketone functional group.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978857,"front":"Describe the naming system for carboxylic acids.","back":"Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -oic acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Carboxylic acids are named based on the parent alkane structure, with the -e suffix replaced by -oic acid. The position of the carboxyl group is indicated by numbering the carbon chain to give the lowest possible locants. Functional groups and substituents are also considered in the naming process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978858,"front":"What is the order of precedence for naming functional groups?","back":"The order of precedence for naming functional groups is carboxylic acids > carboxylic acid derivative > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines > alkenes > halogenoalkanes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The order of precedence for naming functional groups is based on the priority of the functional groups in organic nomenclature. This priority is determined by the IUPAC rules and reflects the relative reactivity and importance of the functional groups in the molecule. The naming of organic compounds follows this order to ensure consistency and accuracy in chemical nomenclature.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978859,"front":"Describe the naming convention for aldehydes.","back":"Aldehydes have names that end in -al and the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The naming convention for aldehydes involves using the suffix -al in the name. This indicates the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) with the oxygen atom connected to the first carbon of the carbon chain. This naming system helps to identify and differentiate aldehydes from other organic compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978860,"front":"What is the naming convention for ketones?","back":"Ketones have names that end in -one and the C=O bond is on the second carbon of the chain if there are 5 or more carbons.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Ketones are named by replacing the -e at the end of the alkane name with -one. The carbon chain is numbered to give the carbonyl carbon the lowest possible number. If there are 5 or more carbons, the carbonyl carbon is positioned as the second carbon in the chain.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978861,"front":"Define carboxylic acids.","back":"Carboxylic acids have names that end in -oic acid and the numbering of the chain starts from the carboxylic acid end.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (COOH). The naming convention ending in -oic acid indicates the presence of this functional group. The numbering of the carbon chain starts from the carboxyl carbon, which is a key feature in their nomenclature and structure elucidation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978862,"front":"How are amines named?","back":"Amines have names that end in -amine. If there is another functional group present, the prefix amino is used.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Amines are named with the suffix -amine. When other functional groups are present, the prefix amino is used. This naming convention helps to clearly identify and differentiate amines in chemical compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978863,"front":"Describe the naming convention for secondary amines with two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen.","back":"Each alkyl group is named and the smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N to indicate its position.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The naming convention for secondary amines with two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen involves naming each alkyl group and then indicating the position of the smaller alkyl group by preceding it with an -N. This helps to accurately identify the structure and arrangement of the alkyl groups in the amine molecule.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978864,"front":"Describe the naming convention for nitriles.","back":"Nitriles end in -nitrile, with the C of the CN group counting as the first carbon of the chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Nitriles are named by replacing the -ic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -nitrile. The carbon in the CN group is considered the first carbon of the parent chain, and the chain is numbered to give the CN group the lowest possible locant.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978865,"front":"What is the difference between the stem of the name for nitriles and carboxylic acids?","back":"The stem of the name for nitriles is different, such as butanenitrile instead of butannitrile.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The difference in the stem of the name for nitriles and carboxylic acids lies in the suffix used to indicate the functional group. Nitriles use \"-nitrile\" while carboxylic acids use \"-oic acid.\" This distinction helps differentiate between the two types of compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978866,"front":"Define esters and explain the two parts of their names.","back":"Esters have two parts to their names. The bit ending in -yl comes from the alcohol that has formed it, and the bit ending in -anoate comes from the carboxylic acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Esters are named based on the alcohol and carboxylic acid involved in their formation. The -yl suffix in the name comes from the alcohol, while the -anoate suffix comes from the carboxylic acid. This naming convention reflects the components involved in esterification.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978867,"front":"How are acid anhydrides named?","back":"If the alkyl groups are of different lengths, each one is named separately and joined with the word 'anhydride'. For example, ethanoic propanoic anhydride.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Acid anhydrides are named by listing the alkyl groups separately if they are of different lengths, followed by the word 'anhydride'. This naming convention helps to clearly identify the components of the molecule and their arrangement in the compound.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978868,"front":"Describe the naming convention for acyl chlorides.","back":"Acyl chlorides have -oyl chloride added to the stem name. For example, ethanoyl chloride.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The naming convention for acyl chlorides involves adding \"-oyl chloride\" to the stem name of the corresponding carboxylic acid. This naming system helps identify the specific functional group present in the compound, such as in the case of \"ethanoyl chloride\" for acetyl chloride.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978869,"front":"What is the naming difference between secondary/tertiary amides and primary amides?","back":"Secondary and tertiary amides are named differently to show the two or three carbon chains. The smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Secondary and tertiary amides are named based on the number of carbon chains attached to the nitrogen atom, which is indicated by the prefix \"N-\" followed by the smaller alkyl group. This naming convention helps differentiate them from primary amides, which have only one carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978870,"front":"Describe structural isomerism.","back":"Structural isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Structural isomerism arises due to the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, leading to distinct connectivity patterns. This phenomenon results in diverse chemical and physical properties among isomeric compounds despite sharing the same number of atoms of each element.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978871,"front":"What is chain isomerism?","back":"Chain isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the carbon chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chain isomerism occurs in organic compounds where the carbon skeleton is arranged differently while maintaining the same molecular formula. This can lead to distinct chemical and physical properties due to the altered structure of the carbon chain.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978872,"front":"Define functional group isomerism.","back":"Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Functional group isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where molecules with the same number of atoms have different functional groups. This can lead to distinct chemical properties due to the varying reactivity and behavior of different functional groups.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978873,"front":"Explain stereoisomerism.","back":"Stereoisomerism refers to compounds with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Stereoisomerism occurs when two or more compounds have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms, but differ in their spatial arrangement. This spatial arrangement can result in different physical and chemical properties. Stereoisomers can be classified as either geometric isomers (cis-trans isomers) or optical isomers (enantiomers). Geometric isomers have different arrangements around a double bond, while enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Stereoisomerism is important in fields such as pharmacology, where different stereoisomers of a drug can have different biological activities and side effects.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978874,"front":"What is optical isomerism?","back":"Optical isomerism occurs in carbon compounds with four different groups attached to an asymmetric carbon atom, resulting in two non-superimposable mirror image isomers.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Optical isomerism is a phenomenon that occurs in certain carbon compounds. It arises when there is an asymmetric carbon atom, meaning it is bonded to four different groups. This leads to the formation of two mirror image isomers that cannot be superimposed on each other. These isomers are known as optical isomers because they can rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. This property is significant in fields such as pharmacology, where different isomers can have different biological activities.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978875,"front":"Describe the formation of a racemate in a chemical reaction mechanism.","back":"A racemate is formed when a reactant or intermediate with a trigonal planar group in the molecule is approached from both sides by an attacking species, resulting in an equal chance of either enantiomer forming.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A racemate forms due to the symmetrical nature of the trigonal planar group, allowing attack from both sides with equal probability. This leads to the production of both enantiomers in equal amounts, resulting in a racemic mixture.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978876,"front":"What is the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones?","back":"The mechanism involves the trigonal planar carbonyl group being approached from both sides by the HCN attacking species, resulting in the formation of a racemate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones occurs through a mechanism known as cyanohydrin formation. In this mechanism, the carbonyl group of the aldehyde or ketone is attacked by the nucleophilic cyanide ion from HCN. This attack leads to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, which then collapses to form the cyanohydrin product. The attack can occur from either side of the carbonyl group, resulting in the formation of a racemic mixture of enantiomers.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978877,"front":"How can a racemate be formed in the electrophilic addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene?","back":"The bromide can attack the planar carbocation from both sides, leading to the formation of a racemate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In the electrophilic addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene, the intermediate carbocation formed is planar. Due to this planar structure, the bromide ion can approach the carbocation from either face, resulting in the formation of both enantiomers, hence a racemate.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978878,"front":"What is the significance of optical isomers in drug action?","back":"Different optical isomers of a drug molecule may have very different effects.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Optical isomers, or enantiomers, have the same chemical structure but are mirror images of each other. Due to their unique shapes, they can interact differently with biological receptors, leading to varying pharmacological effects. This phenomenon is crucial in drug development to ensure efficacy and safety.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978879,"front":"Describe the stereochemistry of thalidomide.","back":"Thalidomide has one chiral carbon and exists as two enantiomers.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Thalidomide is a molecule that contains a chiral carbon, which means it has four different groups attached to it. This chiral carbon gives rise to two possible mirror-image forms of the molecule, known as enantiomers. These enantiomers have the same chemical formula but differ in their spatial arrangement. The existence of two enantiomers is significant because each enantiomer can have different biological effects in the body. This stereochemistry of thalidomide is important to consider due to the notorious history of one enantiomer causing birth defects while the other enantiomer has therapeutic properties.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"csIvz","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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