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Describe the classification of Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is classified according to symptoms listed in diagnostic manuals- the two main ones used are the ICD-10 (International Classification of Disease, edition 10) and the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, edition 5). According to the, one ‘positive symptom’ needs to be present. According to the ICD, two ‘negative symptoms’ are sufficient.

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"Describe the classification of Schizophrenia."	"Schizophrenia is classified according to symptoms listed in diagnostic manuals- the two main ones used are the ICD-10 (International Classification of Disease, edition 10) and the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, edition 5). According to the, one ‘positive symptom’ needs to be present. According to the ICD, two ‘negative symptoms’ are sufficient."
"Define 'positive symptoms' in the context of Schizophrenia."	"Positive symptoms refer to an excess of usual functioning; an ‘added’ behaviour or experience. For example, hallucinations and delusions."
"What are some examples of 'positive symptoms' in Schizophrenia?"	"Examples of positive symptoms in Schizophrenia include hallucinations, such as hearing voices, seeing things that aren’t there, or seeing images in a distorted way, and delusions, such as thoughts of being watched, monitored or controlled by outside forces, or the belief of being an important historical figure."
"Define 'negative symptoms' in the context of Schizophrenia."	"Negative symptoms refer to a loss of usual functioning. For example, avolition is the reduction of goal-directed activity, manifested as a lack of motivation and drive. Speech poverty ('alogia') refers to changes in speech patterns, usually a reduction in the amount and quality of speech."
"What are some examples of 'negative symptoms' in Schizophrenia?"	"Examples of negative symptoms in Schizophrenia include avolition, which is the reduction of goal-directed activity, manifested as a lack of motivation and drive, and speech poverty ('alogia'), which refers to changes in speech patterns, usually a reduction in the amount and quality of speech."
"How common is Schizophrenia and who is more likely to be affected?"	"Schizophrenia occurs in around 1% of the population. It is more commonly found in men, more common in urban environments, and more common in working-class populations."
"Describe the concept of 'Reliability' in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia."	"Reliability refers to the consistency of diagnosis. It is the extent to which different assessors will arrive at the same conclusion when diagnosing the same patient. If schizophrenia is diagnosed inconsistently, it could lead to over or under-diagnosis."
"Define 'Validity' in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia."	"Validity is the extent to which the classification of 'schizophrenia' truly reflects the illness the patient is suffering from. It measures if the diagnosis is accurately representing what it intends to measure."
"Explain 'Co-morbidity' and its implications in diagnosing schizophrenia."	"Co-morbidity is the presence of two different disorders at the same time. If this is common, it may suggest that the two disorders are actually one disorder, and perhaps should be seen as one condition. This can complicate the diagnosis of schizophrenia."
"What does 'Symptom overlap' mean and how does it affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?"	"Symptom overlap is when two or more disorders share some of the symptoms needed for classification. This can lead to the same patient receiving two different diagnoses, complicating the diagnosis of schizophrenia."
"How is 'disorganisation' manifested in schizophrenia according to the DSM-5?"	"In schizophrenia, disorganisation can manifest as incoherence and suddenly changing topic mid-sentence. It is classified in the DSM-5 as a positive symptom."
"Describe the findings of Cheniaux et al (2009) in relation to the diagnosis of schizophrenia."	"Cheniaux et al (2009) found that inter-rater reliability amongst two psychiatrists was low. One diagnosed 26 out of 100 patients with schizophrenia using the DSM, and 44 out of 100 using the ICD. The other diagnosed 13 using the DSM and 24 using the ICD."
"How does the study by Buckley et al (2009) highlight issues with the validity of schizophrenia diagnosis?"	"Buckley et al (2009) found that 50% of schizophrenia patients also had a diagnosis of depression, 29% had a post-traumatic stress diagnosis, and 23% had an OCD diagnosis. This indicates a problem with co-morbidity, which challenges the validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis."
"Define the term 'co-morbidity' in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis."	"Co-morbidity refers to the presence of one or more additional conditions co-occurring with a primary condition. In the context of schizophrenia, it refers to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia also having other diagnoses such as depression, PTSD, or OCD."
"How does gender and cultural bias affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?"	"Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, potentially because women may cope better with the symptoms. People of African origin are also more likely to be diagnosed, possibly due to cultural interpretations of symptoms like 'hearing voices'. This suggests a lack of validity and reliability in the diagnosis."
"What is the significance of reliability in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?"	"Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. In the context of schizophrenia diagnosis, it refers to the consistency of diagnoses across different psychiatrists. A lack of reliability suggests that the diagnosis may be subjective or influenced by individual biases."
"What is the significance of validity in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?"	"Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure. In the context of schizophrenia diagnosis, it refers to whether the diagnosis accurately identifies the disorder. A lack of validity suggests that the diagnosis may not accurately reflect the presence of schizophrenia."

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[{"id":1632485,"front":"Describe the classification of Schizophrenia.","back":"Schizophrenia is classified according to symptoms listed in diagnostic manuals- the two main ones used are the ICD-10 (International Classification of Disease, edition 10) and the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, edition 5). According to the, one ‘positive symptom’ needs to be present. According to the ICD, two ‘negative symptoms’ are sufficient.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Schizophrenia is classified based on the presence of specific symptoms outlined in diagnostic manuals such as the ICD-10 and DSM-5. These manuals provide criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia, with the ICD-10 requiring at least one \"positive symptom\" and the DSM-5 requiring the presence of specific symptoms for a certain duration. The classification systems help clinicians in accurately diagnosing and treating individuals with schizophrenia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632486,"front":"Define 'positive symptoms' in the context of Schizophrenia.","back":"Positive symptoms refer to an excess of usual functioning; an ‘added’ behaviour or experience. For example, hallucinations and delusions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Positive symptoms in schizophrenia are characterized by an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations and delusions. These symptoms are referred to as \"positive\" because they represent additional experiences beyond typical functioning, rather than a deficit or loss of function.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632493,"front":"What are some examples of 'positive symptoms' in Schizophrenia?","back":"Examples of positive symptoms in Schizophrenia include hallucinations, such as hearing voices, seeing things that aren’t there, or seeing images in a distorted way, and delusions, such as thoughts of being watched, monitored or controlled by outside forces, or the belief of being an important historical figure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Positive symptoms in schizophrenia are characterized by an excess or distortion of normal functions. Hallucinations, like hearing voices or seeing distorted images, and delusions, such as feeling controlled by outside forces or believing in grandiose identities, are common examples. These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's perception of reality and daily functioning.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632494,"front":"Define 'negative symptoms' in the context of Schizophrenia.","back":"Negative symptoms refer to a loss of usual functioning. For example, avolition is the reduction of goal-directed activity, manifested as a lack of motivation and drive. Speech poverty ('alogia') refers to changes in speech patterns, usually a reduction in the amount and quality of speech.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Negative symptoms in schizophrenia highlight the diminished capacity to engage in everyday activities and social interactions. They can severely impact a person's quality of life, making it challenging to maintain relationships or employment. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for effective treatment and support strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632495,"front":"What are some examples of 'negative symptoms' in Schizophrenia?","back":"Examples of negative symptoms in Schizophrenia include avolition, which is the reduction of goal-directed activity, manifested as a lack of motivation and drive, and speech poverty ('alogia'), which refers to changes in speech patterns, usually a reduction in the amount and quality of speech.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Negative symptoms in schizophrenia can significantly impact a person's motivation, drive, and ability to communicate. Avolition leads to a lack of goal-directed activity, while alogia results in reduced and lower-quality speech. These symptoms can greatly affect daily functioning and social interactions for individuals with schizophrenia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632496,"front":"How common is Schizophrenia and who is more likely to be affected?","back":"Schizophrenia occurs in around 1% of the population. It is more commonly found in men, more common in urban environments, and more common in working-class populations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Schizophrenia affects around 1% of the population, with higher prevalence in men and urban areas. It's also more common in working-class populations. These trends may be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and access to healthcare and support services.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632498,"front":"Describe the concept of 'Reliability' in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia.","back":"Reliability refers to the consistency of diagnosis. It is the extent to which different assessors will arrive at the same conclusion when diagnosing the same patient. If schizophrenia is diagnosed inconsistently, it could lead to over or under-diagnosis.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia is crucial for ensuring consistent and accurate identification of the condition. It involves the degree to which different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for a particular patient. Inconsistent diagnoses can result in inappropriate treatment and potential harm to the individual.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632503,"front":"Define 'Validity' in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia.","back":"Validity is the extent to which the classification of 'schizophrenia' truly reflects the illness the patient is suffering from. It measures if the diagnosis is accurately representing what it intends to measure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Validity in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia is crucial for ensuring that the classification accurately captures the true nature of the illness experienced by the patient. It assesses whether the diagnosis effectively represents the specific symptoms and characteristics of schizophrenia, thus guiding appropriate treatment and support.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632511,"front":"Explain 'Co-morbidity' and its implications in diagnosing schizophrenia.","back":"Co-morbidity is the presence of two different disorders at the same time. If this is common, it may suggest that the two disorders are actually one disorder, and perhaps should be seen as one condition. This can complicate the diagnosis of schizophrenia.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Co-morbidity refers to the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in an individual. In the context of diagnosing schizophrenia, co-morbidity can complicate the process because the presence of another disorder alongside schizophrenia may influence symptoms, treatment options, and prognosis. It suggests that the two disorders may be interconnected or share underlying factors. Identifying and managing co-morbid conditions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning in schizophrenia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632523,"front":"What does 'Symptom overlap' mean and how does it affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?","back":"Symptom overlap is when two or more disorders share some of the symptoms needed for classification. This can lead to the same patient receiving two different diagnoses, complicating the diagnosis of schizophrenia.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Symptom overlap occurs when multiple disorders have similar symptoms, making it challenging to differentiate between them. In the case of schizophrenia, this can result in misdiagnosis or the co-occurrence of multiple diagnoses for the same patient, complicating treatment and management.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632534,"front":"How is 'disorganisation' manifested in schizophrenia according to the DSM-5?","back":"In schizophrenia, disorganisation can manifest as incoherence and suddenly changing topic mid-sentence. It is classified in the DSM-5 as a positive symptom.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"According to the DSM-5, disorganisation in schizophrenia is characterized by incoherent speech and abrupt shifts in topic during conversation. These symptoms are considered positive symptoms of the disorder, meaning they involve the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences. Disorganisation can significantly impact communication and coherence in individuals with schizophrenia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632549,"front":"Describe the findings of Cheniaux et al (2009) in relation to the diagnosis of schizophrenia.","back":"Cheniaux et al (2009) found that inter-rater reliability amongst two psychiatrists was low. One diagnosed 26 out of 100 patients with schizophrenia using the DSM, and 44 out of 100 using the ICD. The other diagnosed 13 using the DSM and 24 using the ICD.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Inter-rater reliability is crucial in psychiatric diagnosis. Cheniaux et al (2009) found low agreement between two psychiatrists diagnosing schizophrenia using DSM and ICD criteria. This suggests potential challenges in consistent and accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632559,"front":"How does the study by Buckley et al (2009) highlight issues with the validity of schizophrenia diagnosis?","back":"Buckley et al (2009) found that 50% of schizophrenia patients also had a diagnosis of depression, 29% had a post-traumatic stress diagnosis, and 23% had an OCD diagnosis. This indicates a problem with co-morbidity, which challenges the validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The co-occurrence of other mental health conditions alongside schizophrenia, as highlighted by Buckley et al (2009), raises concerns about the accuracy and specificity of diagnosing schizophrenia. This overlap complicates the distinction between different disorders, impacting the reliability of schizophrenia diagnoses.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632567,"front":"Define the term 'co-morbidity' in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis.","back":"Co-morbidity refers to the presence of one or more additional conditions co-occurring with a primary condition. In the context of schizophrenia, it refers to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia also having other diagnoses such as depression, PTSD, or OCD.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Co-morbidity is significant in schizophrenia as it complicates treatment and affects patient outcomes. Understanding these additional conditions is crucial for comprehensive care, as they can exacerbate symptoms, influence medication efficacy, and impact overall quality of life. Tailored interventions are essential for effective management.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632574,"front":"How does gender and cultural bias affect the diagnosis of schizophrenia?","back":"Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, potentially because women may cope better with the symptoms. People of African origin are also more likely to be diagnosed, possibly due to cultural interpretations of symptoms like 'hearing voices'. This suggests a lack of validity and reliability in the diagnosis.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Gender and cultural bias can impact the diagnosis of schizophrenia due to societal perceptions and interpretations of symptoms. Men may be more likely to receive a diagnosis, possibly because women's coping mechanisms differ. Additionally, cultural interpretations of symptoms, such as \"hearing voices,\" may lead to higher diagnosis rates among people of African origin. This highlights potential issues with the validity and reliability of schizophrenia diagnoses.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632578,"front":"What is the significance of reliability in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?","back":"Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. In the context of schizophrenia diagnosis, it refers to the consistency of diagnoses across different psychiatrists. A lack of reliability suggests that the diagnosis may be subjective or influenced by individual biases.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reliability is crucial in schizophrenia diagnosis as it ensures consistent and accurate identification of the condition. Without reliability, there's a risk of misdiagnosis due to subjective interpretations, impacting treatment and research. Consistent diagnoses are essential for effective management.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632582,"front":"What is the significance of validity in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?","back":"Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure. In the context of schizophrenia diagnosis, it refers to whether the diagnosis accurately identifies the disorder. A lack of validity suggests that the diagnosis may not accurately reflect the presence of schizophrenia.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Validity is crucial in mental health diagnoses as it ensures that individuals receive appropriate treatment. Accurate identification of schizophrenia can lead to better management strategies, reducing the risk of misdiagnosis, which can result in ineffective or harmful interventions. This underscores the importance of reliable diagnostic criteria.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"TVSLH","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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