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Describe the Nervous System and its sub-systems.

The Nervous System is the body’s primary internal communication system, made up of cells. It responds to environmental stimuli and co-ordinates the work of the body’s various organs and cells. It has two sub-systems: the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which transmits messages to and from the CNS. The PNS can be further divided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS).

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"Describe the Nervous System and its sub-systems."	"The Nervous System is the body’s primary internal communication system, made up of cells. It responds to environmental stimuli and co-ordinates the work of the body’s various organs and cells. It has two sub-systems: the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which transmits messages to and from the CNS. The PNS can be further divided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS)."
"Define the Endocrine System and its function."	"The Endocrine System instructs various glands to release hormones which travel around the body. Hormones are chemical messengers which travel to particular organs and have powerful effects. The pituitary gland is the most important gland, as it controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body."
"How does the 'Fight or Flight' response work?"	"When a person perceives a situation as stressful, the sympathetic branch of the ANS is triggered. The stress hormone adrenaline is released, leading to physiological changes (increased heart rate, sweating, etc.) - the 'fight or flight' response. Once the perceived stressor passes, the 'parasympathetic' branch of the ANS returns the body to normal."
"Describe the structure and function of Neurons."	"Neurons are nerve cells which transmit messages chemically and electrically. They have a cell body (soma), containing genetic material, and branches (dendrites) which carry nerve impulses to the soma. The axon carries impulses away from the soma. The axon is covered in a protective layer known as the myelin sheath, which speeds up transmission."
"What are the three types of Neurons and their functions?"	"There are three types of neurons: Motor neurons connect the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Sensory neurons carry messages from the PNS to the CNS. Relay neurons connect sensory neurons to motor and other relay neurons."
"Describe the process of synaptic transmission in neurons."	"Synaptic transmission is the process where messages are transmitted electrically within neurons, and chemically between them. A message reaches the end of one neuron (the pre-synaptic cell), triggering the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles located at the terminal button. These chemicals are released into the synapse, and are taken up by the next neuron (the post-synaptic cell). Excess neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic cell. The chemical message is converted into an electrical one, and is sent along the dendrites towards the soma of the neuron."
"How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) work?"	"SSRIs work by increasing the activity of serotonin. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the synapse, which means more serotonin is available to pass further messages between nearby nerve cells. This helps sufferers of obsessive-compulsive disorder relieve their symptoms."
"Define the concept of 'Localisation' in the context of brain function."	"Localisation is the concept that specific areas of the brain are associated with particular functions and behaviours. This was discovered in the 19th century by scientists such as Broca and Wernicke, contradicting the previous holistic theory that suggested the brain worked as a whole to undertake all tasks, activities and behaviours."
"Describe the roles of the hemispheres and the cerebral cortex in the brain."	"The two 'halves' of the brain are known as hemispheres. Generally, the left hemisphere is responsible for controlling the actions of the right-hand side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left-hand side of the body. The cerebral cortex is the 3mm thick covering of the brain, and is much more developed in humans than in other animals."
"Describe the function of the motor area in the brain."	"The motor area, located at the back of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement in the opposite side of the body."
"What is the role of the somatosensory area in the brain?"	"The somatosensory area, located at the front of each parietal lobe, processes sensory information from the skin such as heat and pressure."
"Define the function of the visual area in the brain."	"The visual area, located in the occipital lobe, processes visual information. The right eye sends information to the left visual cortex, and vice-versa."
"What is the function of the auditory area in the brain?"	"The auditory area, located in the temporal lobes, analyses spoken information."
"How does damage to Broca's area affect speech?"	"Damage to Broca's area, located in the left frontal lobe, leads to a lack of ability to speak fluently and clearly, a condition known as Broca's aphasia."
"What is the role of Wernicke's area in the brain?"	"Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, is responsible for language comprehension. When damaged, a person may say nonsense words, a condition known as Wernicke's aphasia."
"What is brain plasticity?"	"Brain plasticity is the ability of the brain to make new neural connections and amend existing connections."
"Describe the process of neural plasticity during childhood and adulthood."	"During childhood, new neural connections are made and unused ones are deleted. This process was originally thought to only occur during childhood, but evidence suggests it can also happen in adulthood as a result of learning and experiences."
"How did the study of London taxi drivers contribute to our understanding of neural plasticity?"	"The study found that London taxi drivers had a larger posterior hippocampus than a control group, possibly due to the need to memorize extensive routes. This suggests that parts of the brain can develop according to experience."
"Define functional recovery after brain trauma."	"Functional recovery is the process where unaffected areas of the brain compensate for injury by taking over the functions of the damaged areas. This includes re-routing synaptic connections, axonal sprouting, reformation of blood cells, and recruitment of homologous areas on the opposite side of the brain."
"What evidence supports the concept of neuroplasticity?"	"Hubel and Wiesel found that when one eye of a cat was sown shut, the brain area responsible for processing information from it continued to operate. Bezzola et al found that golf training led to changes in the neural representation of movement in the motor cortex, supporting the idea of neural plasticity at any age."
"How has research in neural plasticity and functional recovery been applied practically?"	"Research has led to success in the field of neurorehabilitation. As the brain's spontaneous recovery slows down after trauma, therapy is needed to help continue the process, demonstrating a practical application of this research."

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[{"id":1592261,"front":"Describe the Nervous System and its sub-systems.","back":"The Nervous System is the body’s primary internal communication system, made up of cells. It responds to environmental stimuli and co-ordinates the work of the body’s various organs and cells. It has two sub-systems: the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which transmits messages to and from the CNS. The PNS can be further divided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Nervous System is crucial for internal communication and coordination. It comprises the central nervous system (CNS) - the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS further divides into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS).","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592263,"front":"Define the Endocrine System and its function.","back":"The Endocrine System instructs various glands to release hormones which travel around the body. Hormones are chemical messengers which travel to particular organs and have powerful effects. The pituitary gland is the most important gland, as it controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through the release of hormones, which act as messengers to target organs. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating metabolism, growth, and development. The pituitary gland serves as a central control point for hormone release in the body.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592271,"front":"How does the 'Fight or Flight' response work?","back":"When a person perceives a situation as stressful, the sympathetic branch of the ANS is triggered. The stress hormone adrenaline is released, leading to physiological changes (increased heart rate, sweating, etc.) - the 'fight or flight' response. Once the perceived stressor passes, the 'parasympathetic' branch of the ANS returns the body to normal.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The \"fight or flight\" response is a primal reaction to stress. When the brain perceives a threat, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, releasing adrenaline. This triggers physical changes to prepare for action. Once the threat diminishes, the parasympathetic nervous system helps the body return to its normal state.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592283,"front":"Describe the structure and function of Neurons.","back":"Neurons are nerve cells which transmit messages chemically and electrically. They have a cell body (soma), containing genetic material, and branches (dendrites) which carry nerve impulses to the soma. The axon carries impulses away from the soma. The axon is covered in a protective layer known as the myelin sheath, which speeds up transmission.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Neurons are fundamental units of the nervous system, transmitting signals through electrical and chemical processes. Their structure includes a cell body, dendrites, and an axon with a myelin sheath. This allows for efficient communication within the nervous system.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592285,"front":"What are the three types of Neurons and their functions?","back":"There are three types of neurons: Motor neurons connect the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Sensory neurons carry messages from the PNS to the CNS. Relay neurons connect sensory neurons to motor and other relay neurons.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The three types of neurons are motor neurons, sensory neurons, and relay neurons. Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, allowing for movement and secretion. Sensory neurons carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system, enabling the perception of sensory stimuli. Relay neurons serve as intermediaries, connecting sensory neurons to motor neurons and other relay neurons, facilitating communication within the nervous system.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592286,"front":"Describe the process of synaptic transmission in neurons.","back":"Synaptic transmission is the process where messages are transmitted electrically within neurons, and chemically between them. A message reaches the end of one neuron (the pre-synaptic cell), triggering the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles located at the terminal button. These chemicals are released into the synapse, and are taken up by the next neuron (the post-synaptic cell). Excess neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic cell. The chemical message is converted into an electrical one, and is sent along the dendrites towards the soma of the neuron.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Synaptic transmission is a crucial process in the nervous system. It involves both electrical and chemical signaling between neurons. When an electrical signal reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the next neuron, initiating a new electrical signal. This process allows for the transmission of information throughout the nervous system.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592287,"front":"How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) work?","back":"SSRIs work by increasing the activity of serotonin. They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the synapse, which means more serotonin is available to pass further messages between nearby nerve cells. This helps sufferers of obsessive-compulsive disorder relieve their symptoms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. They do this by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, emotions, and behavior. By inhibiting the reuptake process, SSRIs allow more serotonin to remain in the synapse, enhancing its effects and improving communication between nerve cells. This mechanism is beneficial for individuals with conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, as it helps alleviate symptoms associated with the disorder.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592288,"front":"Define the concept of 'Localisation' in the context of brain function.","back":"Localisation is the concept that specific areas of the brain are associated with particular functions and behaviours. This was discovered in the 19th century by scientists such as Broca and Wernicke, contradicting the previous holistic theory that suggested the brain worked as a whole to undertake all tasks, activities and behaviours.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Localisation in the context of brain function refers to the idea that different functions and behaviors are associated with specific areas of the brain. This concept emerged in the 19th century, challenging the previous holistic theory that suggested the brain worked as a whole for all tasks. Scientists like Broca and Wernicke played a crucial role in discovering and supporting the concept of localisation. This understanding has greatly advanced our knowledge of how the brain functions and how specific brain regions are involved in various cognitive processes and behaviors.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592289,"front":"Describe the roles of the hemispheres and the cerebral cortex in the brain.","back":"The two 'halves' of the brain are known as hemispheres. Generally, the left hemisphere is responsible for controlling the actions of the right-hand side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left-hand side of the body. The cerebral cortex is the 3mm thick covering of the brain, and is much more developed in humans than in other animals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The hemispheres of the brain have distinct roles in controlling the body's movements. The left hemisphere primarily controls the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls the left side. The cerebral cortex, a thin layer covering the brain, is highly developed in humans and plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, language, and decision-making. This specialization allows for efficient processing and coordination of different tasks between the hemispheres and the cerebral cortex.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592290,"front":"Describe the function of the motor area in the brain.","back":"The motor area, located at the back of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement in the opposite side of the body.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The motor area in the brain, specifically located in the back of the frontal lobe, plays a crucial role in controlling voluntary movement. It is responsible for coordinating and executing movements on the opposite side of the body. This area receives signals from other parts of the brain and sends out instructions to the muscles, allowing us to perform purposeful actions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592291,"front":"What is the role of the somatosensory area in the brain?","back":"The somatosensory area, located at the front of each parietal lobe, processes sensory information from the skin such as heat and pressure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The somatosensory area is responsible for processing sensory information from the skin, including sensations of heat and pressure. It is located in the front of each parietal lobe. This area plays a crucial role in our ability to perceive and interpret tactile sensations, allowing us to navigate and interact with our environment. It is involved in various functions such as touch perception, spatial awareness, and body localization.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592292,"front":"Define the function of the visual area in the brain.","back":"The visual area, located in the occipital lobe, processes visual information. The right eye sends information to the left visual cortex, and vice-versa.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The visual area in the brain, specifically the occipital lobe, is responsible for processing visual information. It receives input from both eyes, with the right eye sending information to the left visual cortex and the left eye sending information to the right visual cortex. This allows for the integration and interpretation of visual stimuli, enabling us to perceive and understand the world around us.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592293,"front":"What is the function of the auditory area in the brain?","back":"The auditory area, located in the temporal lobes, analyses spoken information.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The auditory area in the brain, found in the temporal lobes, is responsible for processing and analyzing auditory information, such as spoken language. It helps us perceive and understand sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This area plays a crucial role in our ability to hear and interpret auditory stimuli.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592294,"front":"How does damage to Broca's area affect speech?","back":"Damage to Broca's area, located in the left frontal lobe, leads to a lack of ability to speak fluently and clearly, a condition known as Broca's aphasia.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Damage to Broca's area, located in the left frontal lobe, affects speech by causing a condition called Broca's aphasia. This condition results in a lack of ability to speak fluently and clearly. Broca's area is responsible for the production of speech, so damage to this area disrupts the ability to form words and sentences properly. This can lead to difficulties in expressing thoughts and ideas verbally.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592295,"front":"What is the role of Wernicke's area in the brain?","back":"Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, is responsible for language comprehension. When damaged, a person may say nonsense words, a condition known as Wernicke's aphasia.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Wernicke's area is a region in the brain that plays a crucial role in language comprehension. It is located in the left temporal lobe, typically in the dominant hemisphere. When this area is damaged, it can result in a condition called Wernicke's aphasia, where individuals may have difficulty understanding and producing meaningful speech. This highlights the importance of Wernicke's area in the processing and comprehension of language.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592296,"front":"What is brain plasticity?","back":"Brain plasticity is the ability of the brain to make new neural connections and amend existing connections.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout a person's life. It involves the formation of new neural connections and the modification of existing connections. This process is crucial for learning, memory, and recovery from brain injuries. It allows the brain to reorganize itself in response to experiences, environmental changes, and learning new skills. Brain plasticity is a fundamental mechanism underlying the brain's ability to adapt and function in a constantly changing world.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592297,"front":"Describe the process of neural plasticity during childhood and adulthood.","back":"During childhood, new neural connections are made and unused ones are deleted. This process was originally thought to only occur during childhood, but evidence suggests it can also happen in adulthood as a result of learning and experiences.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Neural plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt. In childhood, the brain forms new connections and eliminates unused ones. This process was once believed to be limited to childhood, but research shows that it can also occur in adulthood through learning and experiences. This highlights the brain's remarkable ability to reorganize and adapt throughout life.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592298,"front":"How did the study of London taxi drivers contribute to our understanding of neural plasticity?","back":"The study found that London taxi drivers had a larger posterior hippocampus than a control group, possibly due to the need to memorize extensive routes. This suggests that parts of the brain can develop according to experience.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study of London taxi drivers provided insights into neural plasticity by examining the brain's ability to adapt and change. It revealed that the posterior hippocampus, responsible for spatial memory, was larger in taxi drivers, likely due to the extensive route memorization required for their job. This suggests that the brain can physically change and develop in response to experience, highlighting the concept of neural plasticity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592299,"front":"Define functional recovery after brain trauma.","back":"Functional recovery is the process where unaffected areas of the brain compensate for injury by taking over the functions of the damaged areas. This includes re-routing synaptic connections, axonal sprouting, reformation of blood cells, and recruitment of homologous areas on the opposite side of the brain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Functional recovery after brain trauma refers to the brain's ability to compensate for damage by redistributing functions to unaffected areas. This involves various mechanisms such as rerouting synaptic connections, axonal sprouting, reformation of blood cells, and recruitment of corresponding areas on the opposite side of the brain. It is a complex process that allows the brain to regain lost functions and adapt to the injury.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592300,"front":"What evidence supports the concept of neuroplasticity?","back":"Hubel and Wiesel found that when one eye of a cat was sown shut, the brain area responsible for processing information from it continued to operate. Bezzola et al found that golf training led to changes in the neural representation of movement in the motor cortex, supporting the idea of neural plasticity at any age.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The concept of neuroplasticity is supported by various pieces of evidence. For example, Hubel and Wiesel's study on cats showed that even when one eye was closed, the brain area responsible for processing information from that eye remained active. This suggests that the brain can adapt and reorganize its functions. Additionally, Bezzola et al's research on golf training demonstrated changes in the neural representation of movement in the motor cortex, indicating that neural plasticity can occur at any age. These findings highlight the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences and learning.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592301,"front":"How has research in neural plasticity and functional recovery been applied practically?","back":"Research has led to success in the field of neurorehabilitation. As the brain's spontaneous recovery slows down after trauma, therapy is needed to help continue the process, demonstrating a practical application of this research.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Research in neural plasticity and functional recovery has been applied practically in the field of neurorehabilitation. After a brain trauma, the brain's spontaneous recovery slows down, and therapy is required to facilitate further progress. This practical application of research has led to success in helping individuals recover and regain lost functions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"PeE5S","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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