Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial SentencingFlashcards - AQA Psychology

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Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards addresses key concepts in criminal justice and psychology, covering topics such as custodial sentencing, psychological effects of imprisonment, recidivism, behavior modification in prisons including token economies and anger management, as well as restorative justice principles and practices. It also explores criminal behavior theories and personality factors related to antisocial behavior.

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"Define custodial sentencing."	"Custodial sentencing is where an offender spends time in a prison or other institution as a punishment for their crime."
"Describe the four main aims of custodial sentencing."	"The four main aims of custodial sentencing are deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation. Deterrence is to discourage the offender and others from committing crimes. Incapacitation refers to removing the offender from society due to their danger to the public. Retribution is about making the offender 'pay' for their crime. Rehabilitation aims to reform the offender's character to prevent re-offending."
"What are the psychological effects of custodial sentencing?"	"The main psychological effects of custodial sentencing include stress and depression, institutionalisation, and prisonisation. Stress and depression are evidenced by higher suicide and self-harm rates. Institutionalisation refers to prisoners becoming accustomed to prison life, making it hard for them to adjust to life outside. Prisonisation refers to the adoption of an 'inmate code', where certain behaviours usually seen as unacceptable are rewarded in the institution."
"Define recidivism and provide an example."	"Recidivism refers to re-offending. For example, in 2013, it was found that 57% of offenders in the UK will re-offend within one year of release from an institution."
"How does the Prison Reform Trust's findings support the psychological effects of custodial sentencing?"	"The Prison Reform Trust found that 25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported signs of psychosis, supporting that custodial sentencing causes stress and depression and suggesting that it may not be suitable for psychologically vulnerable individuals."
"What did Davies and Raymond conclude about the effectiveness of prisons?"	"Davies and Raymond concluded that prisons do little to rehabilitate or deter offenders, and that government ministers often exaggerate the benefits of custodial sentencing to appear 'tough on crime'."
"Describe the principle behind behaviour modification programmes in dealing with offending behaviour."	"Behaviour modification programmes are based on the behaviourist principle that all behaviour is learned, and therefore undesirable behaviour can be 'unlearned'. These programmes aim to reinforce obedient or desirable behaviour in offenders, and punish undesirable behaviour to reduce its recurrence."
"Define the concept of 'Token Economy' in the context of prisons."	"A 'Token Economy' is a system used in prisons where desirable behaviours, such as avoiding conflict and keeping a cell tidy, are rewarded with tokens. These tokens can be exchanged for something desirable like extra food or a phone call home. Non-compliance results in tokens and their associated privileges being withheld."
"How does the process of changing behaviour work in the context of a token economy system?"	"In a token economy system, a desirable behaviour is broken down into more achievable sub-steps. The same behaviours are rewarded by every person the offender comes into contact with, making the process more manageable."
"What are the potential limitations of token economies in prisons?"	"Token economies may only be effective in the prison, as once the offender is released the rewards for good behaviour may no longer exist. Therefore, they may not lead to long-term rehabilitation. Additionally, token economies may only lead to a superficial change in behaviour, not addressing the root cause of criminal behaviour."
"Describe the concept of 'Anger Management' in the context of dealing with offending behaviour."	"Anger management is a cognitive behaviour treatment that aims to identify the signs which trigger anger, and learn techniques to calm down and deal with a situation more positively, without resorting to violence. It is based on the idea that thought processes trigger emotional arousal, which then leads to aggressive or criminal acts."
"Describe the process of skill acquisition in anger management therapy for offenders."	"In anger management therapy, offenders are taught a range of techniques to help them deal with anger and approach anger-triggering situations differently. These techniques may include positive self-talk, effective communication, and relaxation techniques."
"How is application practice used in anger management therapy for offenders?"	"Application practice involves offenders practicing their skills through techniques such as role play, where previous anger-inducing situations are re-enacted by the therapist and offender, to encourage more rational and calm responses."
"Define the concept of Restorative Justice."	"Restorative justice involves a process where an offender reconciles with the victim of their crime, so that they see the impact of what they have done. This involves a managed programme of collaboration between offender and victim, often involving supervised meetings with a mediator."
"What are the key features of Restorative Justice programs?"	"Key features of Restorative Justice programs include a focus on acceptance of responsibility rather than punishment, meetings outside of a courtroom setting, active involvement of all parties, and a focus on positive outcomes for both the survivor and offender."
"How does anger management therapy aim to change offender behavior?"	"Anger management therapy aims to change the cognitive causes of anger, rather than superficially changing behavior. This technique should be more likely to lead to long-lasting behavioral change."
"What are the limitations of anger management as a technique to deal with offending behavior?"	"The limitations of anger management include the fact that not all criminals or crimes are motivated by anger, and the role play situations cannot account for all possible anger-triggering scenarios in real life. Therefore, the long-term effect of anger management is in question."
"Describe the role of the Restorative Justice Council (RJC)."	"The RJC is an independent body which sets standards for restorative justice and supports those involved in the process. It supports the use of restorative justice in many areas such as prisons, workplaces and so on."
"Define restorative justice and its strengths."	"Restorative justice is a method of dealing with offending behaviour that is flexible and can be adapted to the needs of those involved."
"What are some potential drawbacks of restorative justice?"	"Restorative justice can be expensive, time-consuming, require skilled professionals, and have high drop-out rates. It may not lead to positive outcomes if the offender or victim have inappropriate motivations."
"What is the concept proposed by Lombroso about criminals?"	"Lombroso proposed the atavistic form, suggesting that criminals were genetic throwbacks biologically different from non-criminals."
"What is the significance of the prefrontal cortex in antisocial individuals?"	"Research has found an 11% reduction in the volume of grey matter in the prefrontal cortex of antisocial individuals."
"What are the three dimensions to a person’s personality proposed by Eysenck?"	"Eysenck proposed three dimensions to a person’s personality- introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/stability and psychoticism."
"Define hostile attribution bias."	"Hostile attribution bias is a cognitive distortion, where actions of others are misinterpreted as being confrontational."
"What is the theory proposed by Sutherland about criminal behaviour?"	"Sutherland proposed the Differential Association Theory, suggesting that criminal behaviour is learned through interactions with others."
"What are the four aims of custodial sentencing?"	"The four aims of custodial sentencing are deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and retribution."
"What method of dealing with offending behaviour works best in a prison or institution setting?"	"The Token Economy method works best in a prison or institution setting."

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Define custodial sentencing.

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Custodial sentencing is where an offender spends time in a prison or other institution as a punishment for their crime.

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Incapacitation refers to removing the offender from society due to their danger to the public. Retribution is about making the offender 'pay' for their crime. Rehabilitation aims to reform the offender's character to prevent re-offending.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632243,"front":"What are the psychological effects of custodial sentencing?","back":"The main psychological effects of custodial sentencing include stress and depression, institutionalisation, and prisonisation. Stress and depression are evidenced by higher suicide and self-harm rates. Institutionalisation refers to prisoners becoming accustomed to prison life, making it hard for them to adjust to life outside. Prisonisation refers to the adoption of an 'inmate code', where certain behaviours usually seen as unacceptable are rewarded in the institution.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Custodial sentencing can lead to a range of psychological impacts. Stress and depression are common due to the restrictive environment. Institutionalisation can make reintegration challenging, while prisonisation can alter behavior norms. These effects often contribute to higher rates of self-harm and suicide among inmates.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632250,"front":"Define recidivism and provide an example.","back":"Recidivism refers to re-offending. 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This underscores the need for alternative sentencing options that prioritize rehabilitation and mental health support, rather than solely punitive measures, to foster better outcomes for those affected.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632263,"front":"What did Davies and Raymond conclude about the effectiveness of prisons?","back":"Davies and Raymond concluded that prisons do little to rehabilitate or deter offenders, and that government ministers often exaggerate the benefits of custodial sentencing to appear 'tough on crime'.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632271,"front":"Describe the principle behind behaviour modification programmes in dealing with offending behaviour.","back":"Behaviour modification programmes are based on the behaviourist principle that all behaviour is learned, and therefore undesirable behaviour can be 'unlearned'. These programmes aim to reinforce obedient or desirable behaviour in offenders, and punish undesirable behaviour to reduce its recurrence.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632279,"front":"Define the concept of 'Token Economy' in the context of prisons.","back":"A 'Token Economy' is a system used in prisons where desirable behaviours, such as avoiding conflict and keeping a cell tidy, are rewarded with tokens. These tokens can be exchanged for something desirable like extra food or a phone call home. Non-compliance results in tokens and their associated privileges being withheld.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632284,"front":"How does the process of changing behaviour work in the context of a token economy system?","back":"In a token economy system, a desirable behaviour is broken down into more achievable sub-steps. The same behaviours are rewarded by every person the offender comes into contact with, making the process more manageable.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632289,"front":"What are the potential limitations of token economies in prisons?","back":"Token economies may only be effective in the prison, as once the offender is released the rewards for good behaviour may no longer exist. Therefore, they may not lead to long-term rehabilitation. 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This process often includes role-playing scenarios, cognitive restructuring to challenge negative thoughts, and developing coping strategies. Over time, these skills can lead to improved emotional regulation and interpersonal relationships.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632292,"front":"How is application practice used in anger management therapy for offenders?","back":"Application practice involves offenders practicing their skills through techniques such as role play, where previous anger-inducing situations are re-enacted by the therapist and offender, to encourage more rational and calm responses.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632293,"front":"Define the concept of Restorative Justice.","back":"Restorative justice involves a process where an offender reconciles with the victim of their crime, so that they see the impact of what they have done. This involves a managed programme of collaboration between offender and victim, often involving supervised meetings with a mediator.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632294,"front":"What are the key features of Restorative Justice programs?","back":"Key features of Restorative Justice programs include a focus on acceptance of responsibility rather than punishment, meetings outside of a courtroom setting, active involvement of all parties, and a focus on positive outcomes for both the survivor and offender.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Restorative Justice emphasizes healing over retribution, fostering dialogue among victims, offenders, and the community. 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This technique should be more likely to lead to long-lasting behavioral change.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632296,"front":"What are the limitations of anger management as a technique to deal with offending behavior?","back":"The limitations of anger management include the fact that not all criminals or crimes are motivated by anger, and the role play situations cannot account for all possible anger-triggering scenarios in real life. Therefore, the long-term effect of anger management is in question.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Anger management primarily addresses emotional regulation, but many offenses stem from factors like socio-economic conditions, mental health issues, or learned behaviors. Additionally, role-playing may not fully prepare individuals for real-life complexities, limiting its effectiveness in preventing recidivism. Understanding these nuances is crucial for comprehensive intervention.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632303,"front":"Describe the role of the Restorative Justice Council (RJC).","back":"The RJC is an independent body which sets standards for restorative justice and supports those involved in the process. It supports the use of restorative justice in many areas such as prisons, workplaces and so on.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632308,"front":"Define restorative justice and its strengths.","back":"Restorative justice is a method of dealing with offending behaviour that is flexible and can be adapted to the needs of those involved.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Restorative justice emphasizes healing over punishment, fostering dialogue between victims and offenders. Its strengths lie in promoting accountability, reducing recidivism, and empowering communities. By addressing the root causes of behavior, it encourages personal growth and reconciliation, benefiting all parties involved.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632320,"front":"What are some potential drawbacks of restorative justice?","back":"Restorative justice can be expensive, time-consuming, require skilled professionals, and have high drop-out rates. It may not lead to positive outcomes if the offender or victim have inappropriate motivations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632328,"front":"What is the concept proposed by Lombroso about criminals?","back":"Lombroso proposed the atavistic form, suggesting that criminals were genetic throwbacks biologically different from non-criminals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632336,"front":"What is the significance of the prefrontal cortex in antisocial individuals?","back":"Research has found an 11% reduction in the volume of grey matter in the prefrontal cortex of antisocial individuals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The prefrontal cortex is crucial for decision-making, impulse control, and social behavior. A reduction in its grey matter may impair these functions, leading to difficulties in regulating emotions and understanding social norms, which are often observed in antisocial behavior. This highlights the brain's role in shaping personality and actions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632343,"front":"What are the three dimensions to a person’s personality proposed by Eysenck?","back":"Eysenck proposed three dimensions to a person’s personality- introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/stability and psychoticism.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Eysenck's model emphasizes the biological basis of personality, suggesting that these dimensions reflect underlying genetic and neurological factors. Introversion/extraversion relates to social energy, neuroticism/stability addresses emotional resilience, and psychoticism reflects a tendency towards aggression and interpersonal relationships.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632351,"front":"Define hostile attribution bias.","back":"Hostile attribution bias is a cognitive distortion, where actions of others are misinterpreted as being confrontational.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Hostile attribution bias can significantly impact interpersonal relationships and conflict resolution. Individuals with this bias may perceive neutral or ambiguous behaviors as threats, leading to increased aggression and misunderstandings. This distortion can perpetuate cycles of conflict and hinder effective communication.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632354,"front":"What is the theory proposed by Sutherland about criminal behaviour?","back":"Sutherland proposed the Differential Association Theory, suggesting that criminal behaviour is learned through interactions with others.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Sutherland's Differential Association Theory emphasizes the social context of learning, highlighting that individuals adopt behaviors based on their associations. This theory shifts the focus from inherent traits to environmental influences, suggesting that crime is a product of socialization rather than a personal failing.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632355,"front":"What are the four aims of custodial sentencing?","back":"The four aims of custodial sentencing are deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and retribution.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1632356,"front":"What method of dealing with offending behaviour works best in a prison or institution setting?","back":"The Token Economy method works best in a prison or institution setting.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Token Economy method is effective in a prison or institution setting because it uses a system of rewards and incentives to reinforce positive behavior. This approach creates a structured environment that encourages individuals to engage in desired behaviors and discourages offending behavior. By providing tangible rewards, such as tokens or points, individuals are motivated to comply with rules and regulations, leading to a reduction in offending behavior. This method also promotes a sense of fairness and accountability among inmates, fostering a more positive and orderly environment within the prison or institution.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Lxmu2","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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