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Describe the process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure.

This process results in the formation of a primary amine.

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"Describe the process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure."	"This process results in the formation of a primary amine."
"How does the process of hydrolysis with H2O and warmth work?"	"This process results in the formation of an alcohol."
"Define the process of Fr Sub with Br2, Cl2 under UV light."	"This process results in the formation of a dihalogenoalkane."
"What is the result of the process of EAdd with Br2, Cl2 at room temperature?"	"This process results in the formation of an alkene."
"What is the result of the process of Elimination with conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4?"	"This process results in the formation of an alkene."
"Describe the process of Oxidation with (If primary) Na2Cr2O7/H+ under heat and reflux with excess oxidising agent."	"This process results in the formation of a carboxylic acid."
"What is the result of the process of Nu add/elim with NH3 at room temperature?"	"This process results in the formation of a primary amide."
"Describe the process of Red Nu Add with NaBH4."	"This process results in the formation of an aldehyde or a ketone."
"Define the term 'Electrophilic substitution' in the context of synthetic routes."	"Electrophilic substitution is a reaction in which an electrophile replaces a substituent, such as a hydrogen atom, in an organic compound."
"What is the role of anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst in synthetic routes?"	"Anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst is used to facilitate the reaction of acyl chloride in electrophilic substitution."
"Explain the concept of 'Nucleophilic add-el' in synthetic routes."	"'Nucleophilic add-el' refers to a type of reaction where a nucleophile adds to an electrophile, resulting in the formation of a new compound."
"What is the purpose of using NaBH4 in synthetic routes?"	"NaBH4, or Sodium borohydride, is used in synthetic routes for the reduction of compounds, specifically in 'Red Nu Add' reactions."
"Describe the process of 'esterification' in synthetic routes."	"Esterification is a reaction in which an organic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water. In synthetic routes, it often involves heating the reactants with a catalyst such as H2SO4."
"Why do chemists aim to design processes that do not require a solvent in synthetic routes?"	"Chemists aim to avoid the use of solvents because it requires separation processes to remove products from the solvent, which can be both costly and result in a loss of yield."
"What is the significance of having a high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes?"	"A high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes means that fewer side products are produced, requiring fewer separating processes. This leads to less material waste and higher sustainability."
"Describe the process of distillation in organic techniques."	"Distillation is a separation technique used to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture. The distillate is collected at the approximate boiling point range of the desired liquid."
"Define the classic AS reaction using distillation."	"The classic AS reaction using distillation involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. The reagents used are potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid. A limited amount of dichromate is used and the mixture is warmed gently, distilling out the aldehyde as it forms to prevent further oxidation to the carboxylic acid."
"How does the color change in the classic AS reaction using distillation indicate the reaction progress?"	"In the classic AS reaction using distillation, the orange dichromate solution changes to green, indicating the formation of Cr3+ ions and the progress of the reaction."
"Describe the process of reflux in organic techniques."	"Reflux is used when heating organic reaction mixtures for long periods. The condenser prevents organic vapours from escaping by condensing them back to liquids. It's important to never seal the end of the condenser as the build up of gas pressure could cause the apparatus to explode."
"Define the classic AS reaction using reflux."	"The classic AS reaction using reflux involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid. The reagents used are potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid. An excess of dichromate is used, and the mixture is heated under reflux. The product is distilled off after the reaction has finished."
"What is the purpose of anti-bumping granules in both distillation and reflux?"	"Anti-bumping granules are added to the flask in both distillation and reflux to prevent vigorous, uneven boiling by making small bubbles form instead of large bubbles."
"Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals?"	"Electric heaters are often used to heat organic chemicals because organic chemicals are normally highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame."
"Describe the process of fractional distillation in a laboratory setting."	"In a laboratory, fractional distillation begins by heating a flask with a Bunsen burner or electric mantle. This produces vapours of all the components in the mixture. These vapours pass up the fractionating column, with the vapour of the substance with the lower boiling point reaching the top first. The thermometer should be at or below the boiling point of the most volatile substance. Vapours with higher boiling points condense back into the flask. Only the most volatile vapour passes into the condenser, which cools the vapours and condenses them to a liquid that is collected."
"What is the purpose of fractional distillation?"	"Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with different boiling points."
"How can the purity of a liquid be determined?"	"The purity of a liquid can be determined by measuring its boiling point. This can be done in a distillation set up or by simply boiling a tube of the sample in a heating oil bath."
"What should be noted when measuring the boiling point of a liquid?"	"When measuring the boiling point of a liquid, the thermometer should be above the level of the surface of the boiling liquid and be measuring the temperature of the saturated vapour. Additionally, pressure should be noted as changing pressure can change the boiling point of a liquid."
"Why is measuring boiling point not the most accurate method of identifying a substance?"	"Measuring boiling point is not the most accurate method of identifying a substance because several substances may have the same boiling point."
"Describe the first step in purifying an impure compound."	"The first step is to dissolve the impure compound in a minimum volume of hot (near boiling) solvent. An appropriate solvent is one which will dissolve both compound and impurities when hot and one in which the compound itself does not dissolve well when cold. The minimum volume is used to obtain a saturated solution and to enable crystallisation on cooling."
"What is the purpose of hot filtering the solution through filter paper in the purification process?"	"Hot filtering the solution through filter paper quickly removes any insoluble impurities and heat prevents crystals from reforming during filtration."
"How does cooling the filtered solution aid in the purification process?"	"Cooling the filtered solution causes crystals to reform but soluble impurities will remain in solution form because they are present in small quantities so the solution is not saturated. Using ice can increase the yield of crystals."
"Define the role of a Buchner flask in the purification process."	"A Buchner flask is used in the suction filtration step of the purification process. The water pump connected to the Buchner flask reduces the pressure and speeds up the filtration, helping to separate out the crystals."
"Why are the crystals washed with distilled water in the purification process?"	"The crystals are washed with distilled water to remove any remaining soluble impurities."
"What is the purpose of drying the crystals between absorbent paper?"	"Drying the crystals between absorbent paper is the final step in the purification process. This step is necessary to remove any remaining moisture. If the crystals are not dried properly, the mass will be larger than expected which can lead to a percentage yield greater than 100%."
"What are some reasons for loss of yield in the purification process?"	"Loss of yield in the purification process can occur due to crystals being lost when filtering or washing, some product staying in solution after recrystallisation, and other side reactions occurring."

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Describe the process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure.

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This process results in the formation of a primary amine.

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[{"id":1352920,"front":"Describe the process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure.","back":"This process results in the formation of a primary amine.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure involves the nucleophilic substitution of a halogen atom in an alkyl halide with an alcoholic ammonia (NH3) molecule. This reaction leads to the formation of a primary amine, which is a compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one alkyl group. The heat and pressure conditions facilitate the reaction by providing the necessary energy for the substitution to occur.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352921,"front":"How does the process of hydrolysis with H2O and warmth work?","back":"This process results in the formation of an alcohol.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a chemical bond using water. When water molecules are added to a compound and heated, they can break the bonds within the compound. In this case, the hydrolysis reaction results in the formation of an alcohol. The water molecules provide the necessary energy to break the bonds, allowing the alcohol to be formed.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352922,"front":"Define the process of Fr Sub with Br2, Cl2 under UV light.","back":"This process results in the formation of a dihalogenoalkane.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The process of Fr Sub with Br2, Cl2 under UV light involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon with a halogen atom. This results in the formation of a dihalogenoalkane, where two halogen atoms are attached to the carbon chain. UV light initiates the reaction by providing the energy needed to break the halogen molecule into free radicals, which then react with the hydrocarbon.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352923,"front":"What is the result of the process of EAdd with Br2, Cl2 at room temperature?","back":"This process results in the formation of an alkene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The process of EAdd with Br2, Cl2 at room temperature results in the formation of an alkene. This is due to the elimination of two halogen atoms from the reactant molecules, leading to the formation of a double bond between the carbon atoms. This type of reaction is known as an elimination reaction and is a common way to synthesize alkenes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352927,"front":"What is the result of the process of Elimination with conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4?","back":"This process results in the formation of an alkene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid can act as dehydrating agents, removing water molecules from a compound. This elimination reaction leads to the formation of an alkene from an alcohol or alkyl halide. The strong acidity of these reagents promotes the removal of a leaving group and the formation of a double bond.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352932,"front":"Describe the process of Oxidation with (If primary) Na2Cr2O7/H+ under heat and reflux with excess oxidising agent.","back":"This process results in the formation of a carboxylic acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The use of Na2Cr2O7/H+ under heat and reflux with excess oxidizing agent in the presence of a primary alcohol leads to the oxidation of the alcohol to form a carboxylic acid. This is due to the strong oxidizing nature of the reagent, which facilitates the conversion of the alcohol functional group to a carboxylic acid functional group.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352934,"front":"What is the result of the process of Nu add/elim with NH3 at room temperature?","back":"This process results in the formation of a primary amide.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Nu add/elim process with NH3 at room temperature leads to the creation of a primary amide. This reaction involves the addition of a nucleophile (Nu) followed by an elimination step, resulting in the formation of the amide functional group. Amides are important compounds in organic chemistry due to their prevalence in various biological molecules and synthetic materials.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352937,"front":"Describe the process of Red Nu Add with NaBH4.","back":"This process results in the formation of an aldehyde or a ketone.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reduction of a nitro group to an amine using NaBH4 is a common reaction known as Red Nu Add. The reaction involves the addition of hydrogen from NaBH4 to the nitro group, leading to the formation of an aldehyde or ketone, depending on the starting material.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352941,"front":"Define the term 'Electrophilic substitution' in the context of synthetic routes.","back":"Electrophilic substitution is a reaction in which an electrophile replaces a substituent, such as a hydrogen atom, in an organic compound.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Electrophilic substitution is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry, commonly used in the synthesis of various organic compounds. It involves the attack of an electrophile on an electron-rich site in a molecule, leading to the substitution of a functional group or atom. This reaction mechanism is crucial for the preparation of a wide range of organic molecules with specific properties and functionalities.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352942,"front":"What is the role of anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst in synthetic routes?","back":"Anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst is used to facilitate the reaction of acyl chloride in electrophilic substitution.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Anhydrous aluminum chloride is a Lewis acid catalyst that helps in activating the acyl chloride by accepting a lone pair of electrons, making it more reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. This catalyst plays a crucial role in promoting the desired chemical transformations efficiently.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352943,"front":"Explain the concept of 'Nucleophilic add-el' in synthetic routes.","back":"'Nucleophilic add-el' refers to a type of reaction where a nucleophile adds to an electrophile, resulting in the formation of a new compound.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions involve the nucleophile attacking the electrophile, forming a new compound. This process is common in organic synthesis for creating complex molecules by adding functional groups to a starting material. It is a fundamental step in many synthetic routes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352944,"front":"What is the purpose of using NaBH4 in synthetic routes?","back":"NaBH4, or Sodium borohydride, is used in synthetic routes for the reduction of compounds, specifically in 'Red Nu Add' reactions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"NaBH4 is a common reducing agent due to its ability to donate hydride ions, facilitating the reduction of various functional groups like carbonyls to alcohols. This reaction is crucial in organic synthesis to create new compounds or modify existing ones efficiently.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352945,"front":"Describe the process of 'esterification' in synthetic routes.","back":"Esterification is a reaction in which an organic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water. In synthetic routes, it often involves heating the reactants with a catalyst such as H2SO4.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Esterification is a common method in organic chemistry to synthesize esters. The reaction typically requires the presence of an acid catalyst to facilitate the formation of the ester bond. Heating the reaction mixture helps drive the equilibrium towards ester formation. Water is produced as a byproduct in this process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352946,"front":"Why do chemists aim to design processes that do not require a solvent in synthetic routes?","back":"Chemists aim to avoid the use of solvents because it requires separation processes to remove products from the solvent, which can be both costly and result in a loss of yield.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chemists aim to design solvent-free processes to minimize environmental impact, reduce waste generation, and improve overall sustainability. Solvent-free methods also enhance safety by eliminating potential hazards associated with handling and disposing of solvents.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352947,"front":"What is the significance of having a high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes?","back":"A high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes means that fewer side products are produced, requiring fewer separating processes. This leads to less material waste and higher sustainability.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Having a high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes is crucial for sustainability. It minimizes waste, reduces the need for additional purification steps, and enhances resource efficiency. This approach aligns with green chemistry principles, promoting environmentally friendly practices in chemical synthesis.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352948,"front":"Describe the process of distillation in organic techniques.","back":"Distillation is a separation technique used to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture. The distillate is collected at the approximate boiling point range of the desired liquid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Distillation in organic techniques involves heating a mixture to vaporize the desired compound, then condensing the vapor back into liquid form. The process exploits differences in boiling points to separate components effectively, yielding a purified product.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352949,"front":"Define the classic AS reaction using distillation.","back":"The classic AS reaction using distillation involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. The reagents used are potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid. A limited amount of dichromate is used and the mixture is warmed gently, distilling out the aldehyde as it forms to prevent further oxidation to the carboxylic acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The AS reaction with distillation is a common method to selectively produce aldehydes from primary alcohols. Distillation helps separate the aldehyde as it forms, preventing over-oxidation to carboxylic acids. The process involves careful temperature control to ensure efficient conversion.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352950,"front":"How does the color change in the classic AS reaction using distillation indicate the reaction progress?","back":"In the classic AS reaction using distillation, the orange dichromate solution changes to green, indicating the formation of Cr3+ ions and the progress of the reaction.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The color change from orange to green in the classic AS reaction using distillation signifies the reduction of chromium from a +6 oxidation state to a +3 oxidation state. This change indicates the conversion of dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions, showing the advancement of the reaction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352951,"front":"Describe the process of reflux in organic techniques.","back":"Reflux is used when heating organic reaction mixtures for long periods. The condenser prevents organic vapours from escaping by condensing them back to liquids. It's important to never seal the end of the condenser as the build up of gas pressure could cause the apparatus to explode.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reflux in organic techniques involves continuously boiling a reaction mixture to prevent loss of volatile components. The condenser cools and condenses vapors back into the reaction flask. Avoiding sealing the condenser end is crucial to prevent dangerous pressure buildup.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352952,"front":"Define the classic AS reaction using reflux.","back":"The classic AS reaction using reflux involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid. The reagents used are potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid. An excess of dichromate is used, and the mixture is heated under reflux. The product is distilled off after the reaction has finished.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Refluxing ensures continuous boiling and prevents reactant loss. Potassium dichromate(VI) oxidizes the alcohol to the carboxylic acid. Dilute sulfuric acid provides the acidic conditions needed for the reaction. Distillation separates the product from the reaction mixture.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352953,"front":"What is the purpose of anti-bumping granules in both distillation and reflux?","back":"Anti-bumping granules are added to the flask in both distillation and reflux to prevent vigorous, uneven boiling by making small bubbles form instead of large bubbles.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Anti-bumping granules help create a more controlled boiling process by promoting the formation of small bubbles, which prevents sudden and uneven boiling. This ensures a smoother distillation or reflux process by reducing the risk of bumping and splattering of the liquid.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352954,"front":"Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals?","back":"Electric heaters are often used to heat organic chemicals because organic chemicals are normally highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Electric heaters are preferred for heating organic chemicals due to their reduced fire risk compared to naked flames. Organic chemicals are often highly flammable, making electric heaters a safer option to avoid potential ignition and fire hazards.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352955,"front":"Describe the process of fractional distillation in a laboratory setting.","back":"In a laboratory, fractional distillation begins by heating a flask with a Bunsen burner or electric mantle. This produces vapours of all the components in the mixture. These vapours pass up the fractionating column, with the vapour of the substance with the lower boiling point reaching the top first. The thermometer should be at or below the boiling point of the most volatile substance. Vapours with higher boiling points condense back into the flask. Only the most volatile vapour passes into the condenser, which cools the vapours and condenses them to a liquid that is collected.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Fractional distillation in a lab involves heating a mixture to create vapors, which rise through a fractionating column. The substance with the lowest boiling point condenses first, while higher boiling point substances condense back into the flask. The condensed liquid is collected after passing through a condenser.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352957,"front":"What is the purpose of fractional distillation?","back":"Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with different boiling points.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Fractional distillation is a process that allows for the separation of liquids based on their boiling points. This technique is particularly useful when dealing with mixtures of liquids that have close boiling points, enabling a more precise separation compared to simple distillation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352962,"front":"How can the purity of a liquid be determined?","back":"The purity of a liquid can be determined by measuring its boiling point. This can be done in a distillation set up or by simply boiling a tube of the sample in a heating oil bath.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Measuring the boiling point of a liquid is a common method to determine purity because impurities typically alter the boiling point. A pure substance will have a consistent boiling point, while impurities will cause deviations. This technique is widely used in various industries to assess the quality of liquids.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352970,"front":"What should be noted when measuring the boiling point of a liquid?","back":"When measuring the boiling point of a liquid, the thermometer should be above the level of the surface of the boiling liquid and be measuring the temperature of the saturated vapour. Additionally, pressure should be noted as changing pressure can change the boiling point of a liquid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Measuring the boiling point accurately requires the thermometer to be positioned correctly to measure the temperature of the vapor, not the liquid. Pressure variations affect boiling points, so it's crucial to consider pressure changes during the measurement process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352976,"front":"Why is measuring boiling point not the most accurate method of identifying a substance?","back":"Measuring boiling point is not the most accurate method of identifying a substance because several substances may have the same boiling point.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Measuring boiling point alone may not be definitive due to the possibility of different substances sharing the same boiling point. Other properties like melting point, density, and chemical tests are often needed for accurate identification.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352977,"front":"Describe the first step in purifying an impure compound.","back":"The first step is to dissolve the impure compound in a minimum volume of hot (near boiling) solvent. An appropriate solvent is one which will dissolve both compound and impurities when hot and one in which the compound itself does not dissolve well when cold. The minimum volume is used to obtain a saturated solution and to enable crystallisation on cooling.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The initial step in purifying an impure compound involves dissolving it in a hot solvent, ensuring both the compound and impurities dissolve. The choice of solvent is crucial, as it should only dissolve the compound when hot and not when cold. Using a minimal volume helps achieve a saturated solution for crystallization upon cooling.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352978,"front":"What is the purpose of hot filtering the solution through filter paper in the purification process?","back":"Hot filtering the solution through filter paper quickly removes any insoluble impurities and heat prevents crystals from reforming during filtration.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Hot filtering the solution through filter paper is essential in purification to ensure rapid removal of insoluble impurities. The use of heat helps maintain the solubility of the desired compound, preventing crystal formation that could hinder filtration efficiency.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352979,"front":"How does cooling the filtered solution aid in the purification process?","back":"Cooling the filtered solution causes crystals to reform but soluble impurities will remain in solution form because they are present in small quantities so the solution is not saturated. Using ice can increase the yield of crystals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Cooling the filtered solution promotes crystal formation due to decreased solubility at lower temperatures. Soluble impurities stay dissolved as they are in low concentrations. Ice aids in maximizing crystal yield by further reducing solubility.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352980,"front":"Define the role of a Buchner flask in the purification process.","back":"A Buchner flask is used in the suction filtration step of the purification process. The water pump connected to the Buchner flask reduces the pressure and speeds up the filtration, helping to separate out the crystals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Buchner flask's design allows for a vacuum to be created, aiding in faster filtration by pulling the liquid through the filter paper. This setup is particularly useful when dealing with large volumes or when a quick separation of solid and liquid components is needed in the purification process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352981,"front":"Why are the crystals washed with distilled water in the purification process?","back":"The crystals are washed with distilled water to remove any remaining soluble impurities.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Distilled water is free from impurities, ensuring that only the soluble impurities in the crystals are removed without introducing new contaminants. This step helps improve the purity of the crystals, making them suitable for various applications.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352982,"front":"What is the purpose of drying the crystals between absorbent paper?","back":"Drying the crystals between absorbent paper is the final step in the purification process. This step is necessary to remove any remaining moisture. If the crystals are not dried properly, the mass will be larger than expected which can lead to a percentage yield greater than 100%.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Drying the crystals between absorbent paper is crucial to ensure accurate measurements during the purification process. Any residual moisture can skew the final mass calculation, potentially resulting in an erroneously high percentage yield. Proper drying guarantees precise results.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1352989,"front":"What are some reasons for loss of yield in the purification process?","back":"Loss of yield in the purification process can occur due to crystals being lost when filtering or washing, some product staying in solution after recrystallisation, and other side reactions occurring.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Loss of yield in purification can happen due to incomplete filtration or washing, leading to crystal loss. Residual product in the solution post-recrystallization and side reactions can also contribute to reduced yield. Efficient techniques and monitoring can help mitigate these issues.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"HeAOJ","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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