Organic SynthesisFlashcards - AQA Chemistry

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Describe the process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure.

This process results in the formation of a primary amine.

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"Describe the process of NuSub with Alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure."	"This process results in the formation of a primary amine."
"How does the process of hydrolysis with H2O and warmth work?"	"This process results in the formation of an alcohol."
"Define the process of Fr Sub with Br2, Cl2 under UV light."	"This process results in the formation of a dihalogenoalkane."
"What is the result of the process of EAdd with Br2, Cl2 at room temperature?"	"This process results in the formation of an alkene."
"What is the result of the process of Elimination with conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4?"	"This process results in the formation of an alkene."
"Describe the process of Oxidation with (If primary) Na2Cr2O7/H+ under heat and reflux with excess oxidising agent."	"This process results in the formation of a carboxylic acid."
"What is the result of the process of Nu add/elim with NH3 at room temperature?"	"This process results in the formation of a primary amide."
"Describe the process of Red Nu Add with NaBH4."	"This process results in the formation of an aldehyde or a ketone."
"Define the term 'Electrophilic substitution' in the context of synthetic routes."	"Electrophilic substitution is a reaction in which an electrophile replaces a substituent, such as a hydrogen atom, in an organic compound."
"What is the role of anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst in synthetic routes?"	"Anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst is used to facilitate the reaction of acyl chloride in electrophilic substitution."
"Explain the concept of 'Nucleophilic add-el' in synthetic routes."	"'Nucleophilic add-el' refers to a type of reaction where a nucleophile adds to an electrophile, resulting in the formation of a new compound."
"What is the purpose of using NaBH4 in synthetic routes?"	"NaBH4, or Sodium borohydride, is used in synthetic routes for the reduction of compounds, specifically in 'Red Nu Add' reactions."
"Describe the process of 'esterification' in synthetic routes."	"Esterification is a reaction in which an organic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water. In synthetic routes, it often involves heating the reactants with a catalyst such as H2SO4."
"Why do chemists aim to design processes that do not require a solvent in synthetic routes?"	"Chemists aim to avoid the use of solvents because it requires separation processes to remove products from the solvent, which can be both costly and result in a loss of yield."
"What is the significance of having a high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes?"	"A high percentage atom economy in synthetic routes means that fewer side products are produced, requiring fewer separating processes. This leads to less material waste and higher sustainability."
"Describe the process of distillation in organic techniques."	"Distillation is a separation technique used to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture. The distillate is collected at the approximate boiling point range of the desired liquid."
"Define the classic AS reaction using distillation."	"The classic AS reaction using distillation involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. The reagents used are potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid. A limited amount of dichromate is used and the mixture is warmed gently, distilling out the aldehyde as it forms to prevent further oxidation to the carboxylic acid."
"How does the color change in the classic AS reaction using distillation indicate the reaction progress?"	"In the classic AS reaction using distillation, the orange dichromate solution changes to green, indicating the formation of Cr3+ ions and the progress of the reaction."
"Describe the process of reflux in organic techniques."	"Reflux is used when heating organic reaction mixtures for long periods. The condenser prevents organic vapours from escaping by condensing them back to liquids. It's important to never seal the end of the condenser as the build up of gas pressure could cause the apparatus to explode."
"Define the classic AS reaction using reflux."	"The classic AS reaction using reflux involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid. The reagents used are potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid. An excess of dichromate is used, and the mixture is heated under reflux. The product is distilled off after the reaction has finished."
"What is the purpose of anti-bumping granules in both distillation and reflux?"	"Anti-bumping granules are added to the flask in both distillation and reflux to prevent vigorous, uneven boiling by making small bubbles form instead of large bubbles."
"Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals?"	"Electric heaters are often used to heat organic chemicals because organic chemicals are normally highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame."
"Describe the process of fractional distillation in a laboratory setting."	"In a laboratory, fractional distillation begins by heating a flask with a Bunsen burner or electric mantle. This produces vapours of all the components in the mixture. These vapours pass up the fractionating column, with the vapour of the substance with the lower boiling point reaching the top first. The thermometer should be at or below the boiling point of the most volatile substance. Vapours with higher boiling points condense back into the flask. Only the most volatile vapour passes into the condenser, which cools the vapours and condenses them to a liquid that is collected."
"What is the purpose of fractional distillation?"	"Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with different boiling points."
"How can the purity of a liquid be determined?"	"The purity of a liquid can be determined by measuring its boiling point. This can be done in a distillation set up or by simply boiling a tube of the sample in a heating oil bath."
"What should be noted when measuring the boiling point of a liquid?"	"When measuring the boiling point of a liquid, the thermometer should be above the level of the surface of the boiling liquid and be measuring the temperature of the saturated vapour. Additionally, pressure should be noted as changing pressure can change the boiling point of a liquid."
"Why is measuring boiling point not the most accurate method of identifying a substance?"	"Measuring boiling point is not the most accurate method of identifying a substance because several substances may have the same boiling point."
"Describe the first step in purifying an impure compound."	"The first step is to dissolve the impure compound in a minimum volume of hot (near boiling) solvent. An appropriate solvent is one which will dissolve both compound and impurities when hot and one in which the compound itself does not dissolve well when cold. The minimum volume is used to obtain a saturated solution and to enable crystallisation on cooling."
"What is the purpose of hot filtering the solution through filter paper in the purification process?"	"Hot filtering the solution through filter paper quickly removes any insoluble impurities and heat prevents crystals from reforming during filtration."
"How does cooling the filtered solution aid in the purification process?"	"Cooling the filtered solution causes crystals to reform but soluble impurities will remain in solution form because they are present in small quantities so the solution is not saturated. Using ice can increase the yield of crystals."
"Define the role of a Buchner flask in the purification process."	"A Buchner flask is used in the suction filtration step of the purification process. The water pump connected to the Buchner flask reduces the pressure and speeds up the filtration, helping to separate out the crystals."
"Why are the crystals washed with distilled water in the purification process?"	"The crystals are washed with distilled water to remove any remaining soluble impurities."
"What is the purpose of drying the crystals between absorbent paper?"	"Drying the crystals between absorbent paper is the final step in the purification process. This step is necessary to remove any remaining moisture. If the crystals are not dried properly, the mass will be larger than expected which can lead to a percentage yield greater than 100%."
"What are some reasons for loss of yield in the purification process?"	"Loss of yield in the purification process can occur due to crystals being lost when filtering or washing, some product staying in solution after recrystallisation, and other side reactions occurring."

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