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Define Psychopathology.

Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders and abnormal behaviour.

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"Define Psychopathology."	"Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders and abnormal behaviour."
"What is the statistical deviation definition of abnormality?"	"Under the statistical deviation definition, a person’s trait, thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual."
"What are the limitations of defining abnormality based on statistical deviation?"	"This definition does not consider the desirability of behaviours or traits. Some behaviours or characteristics are regarded as abnormal even though they are statistically quite frequent. Therefore, statistical deviation is not enough to classify someone as abnormal."
"Describe the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality."	"Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group."
"What are the limitations of defining abnormality based on deviation from social norms?"	"What is normal in one culture may not be normal in another, leading to the problem of cultural relativism. Some groups could be unfairly labelled as abnormal by using this definition."
"Define the concept of 'Failure to function adequately' in the context of abnormal psychology."	"'Failure to function adequately' is a definition of abnormality where a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life. This includes being unable to perform behaviors necessary for day-to-day living such as self-care, holding down a job, and interacting meaningfully with others."
"What are the characteristics suggested by Rosenhan & Seligman (1989) that would not enable someone to function adequately?"	"The characteristics include suffering, maladaptiveness (being a danger to self), vividness and unconventionality (standing out), unpredictability & loss of control, irrationality/incomprehensibility, causing the observer discomfort, and violating moral/social standards."
"Describe the concept of 'Deviation from ideal mental health' in abnormal psychology."	"'Deviation from ideal mental health' is a definition of abnormality where, rather than defining what is abnormal, we define what is normal or ideal and anything that deviates from this is regarded as abnormal. This requires us to decide on the characteristics we consider necessary to mental health."
"What is a strength and a weakness of the 'Failure to function adequately' definition of abnormality?"	"A strength of this definition is that it acknowledges the patient’s own feelings, for example if they are suffering. A weakness is that 'failing to function' could just be going against a social norm, therefore, a person could be judged as not functioning when they actually are."
"How does the concept of abnormality relate to social norms?"	"Abnormality can be seen as deviating from accepted social norms. For example, homosexuality was once seen as going against social norms and was even classified as criminal behaviour, but is now recognised as normal. Therefore, groups which deviate from the accepted standards of behaviour may find themselves being classified as mentally ill, unjustifiably."
"Describe the behavioural characteristics of phobias."	"Behavioural characteristics of phobias include panic, such as trying to run away, screaming and crying; avoidance, such as trying not to touch door handles in public places due to a phobia of germs; and endurance, such as having to ‘deal with’ the situation (having to get a flight when scared of flying)."
"What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?"	"Emotional characteristics of phobias include anxiety- being in an unpleasant, heightened state of arousal. The emotions experienced are out of proportion to the danger posed, for example an arachnophobia sufferer reacting with extreme anxiety at the sight of a tiny spider."
"Define the cognitive characteristics of phobias."	"Cognitive characteristics of phobias include paying selective attention to the feared object, so not being able to concentrate on anything else. Thoughts are often irrational, for example being afraid to go outside due to the (tiny) likelihood of something bad happening. Cognitive distortions are where normal objects are perceived as ugly or repulsive by the sufferer."
"Describe the behavioural characteristics of depression."	"Behavioural characteristics of depression include lowered activity levels, such as finding it hard to get out of bed, or being agitated; disruption to sleep and eating behaviour, such as eating or sleeping more or less than usual; and aggression toward others and self-harm."
"What are the emotional characteristics of depression?"	"Emotional characteristics of depression include a lowered mood, such as feeling worthless, unhappy and ‘empty’; anger, which can be directed toward the self or others; and lowered self-confidence and self-esteem."
"Define the cognitive characteristics of depression."	"Cognitive characteristics of depression include poor concentration, such as being unable to stick to and finish a task."
"Describe the concept of dwelling on the negative and absolutist thinking."	"Dwelling on the negative is a cognitive bias where one only focuses on the bad aspects of a situation and ignores the positive aspects. Absolutist thinking, on the other hand, is a cognitive distortion where things are perceived as perfect successes or disasters, with nothing in between."
"Define the characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)."	"OCD is characterised by obsessive thoughts and/or compulsive behaviours. Behavioural characteristics include the need to perform certain repetitive actions, usually done to reduce anxiety associated with an obsessive thought. Emotional characteristics include anxiety, distress, guilt, and disgust. Cognitive characteristics include obsessive thoughts which are unpleasant and continually recurring. OCD sufferers have insight into their thoughts, meaning that they know they are not thinking rationally, but they cannot help the thoughts and compulsive behaviours."
"How does a phobia manifest in an individual? Use Jake's fear of spiders as an example."	"A phobia manifests in an individual through intense fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. For example, Jake has a phobia of spiders. Whenever he sees a spider, he experiences intense fear and tries to get as far away from it as possible. He also avoids situations where he might encounter a spider, such as wildlife parks or nature documentaries."
"Do all OCD sufferers have insight into their thoughts?"	"Yes, one of the cognitive characteristics of OCD is that sufferers have insight into their thoughts. This means that they are aware that their thoughts are not rational, but they are unable to control them."
"Describe the emotional characteristics of OCD."	"The emotional characteristics of OCD include anxiety and distress, often associated with the obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions. Sufferers may also experience feelings of guilt and disgust, often directed towards an external stimulus."
"Define the behavioural characteristics of a phobia."	"The behavioural characteristics of a phobia include panic reactions and avoidance behaviours. For example, an individual with a phobia may react with intense fear when confronted with the object of their phobia and will go to great lengths to avoid encountering it."

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Define Psychopathology.

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Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders and abnormal behaviour.

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[{"id":1333321,"front":"Define Psychopathology.","back":"Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders and abnormal behaviour.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Psychopathology is the investigation of mental disorders and abnormal behavior. It encompasses the study of their development, manifestations, and impact on individuals and society. Understanding psychopathology is crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and support for those affected.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333322,"front":"What is the statistical deviation definition of abnormality?","back":"Under the statistical deviation definition, a person’s trait, thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The statistical deviation definition of abnormality is based on the idea that traits, thoughts, or behaviors that deviate significantly from the average or norm within a population are considered abnormal. This approach relies on statistical analysis to identify what is considered rare or unusual within a specific context.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333327,"front":"What are the limitations of defining abnormality based on statistical deviation?","back":"This definition does not consider the desirability of behaviours or traits. Some behaviours or characteristics are regarded as abnormal even though they are statistically quite frequent. Therefore, statistical deviation is not enough to classify someone as abnormal.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Defining abnormality based on statistical deviation overlooks the cultural and situational context of behaviors. It fails to account for the subjective nature of what is considered normal or desirable in a given society. Additionally, statistical frequency alone doesn't encompass the complexity of human behavior and individual experiences.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333336,"front":"Describe the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality.","back":"Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The deviation from social norms definition of abnormality focuses on behavior that goes against societal expectations. It highlights the influence of cultural context on defining abnormality, emphasizing conformity to unwritten social rules for determining what is considered normal or abnormal.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333341,"front":"What are the limitations of defining abnormality based on deviation from social norms?","back":"What is normal in one culture may not be normal in another, leading to the problem of cultural relativism. Some groups could be unfairly labelled as abnormal by using this definition.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Defining abnormality based on deviation from social norms overlooks cultural diversity. What is considered normal varies across cultures, making it challenging to apply a universal standard. This approach risks stigmatizing minority groups and perpetuating biases.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333349,"front":"Define the concept of 'Failure to function adequately' in the context of abnormal psychology.","back":"'Failure to function adequately' is a definition of abnormality where a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life. This includes being unable to perform behaviors necessary for day-to-day living such as self-care, holding down a job, and interacting meaningfully with others.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"'Failure to function adequately' is a crucial criterion in abnormal psychology as it focuses on the individual's ability to meet the demands of daily life. It assesses functionality in various areas like self-care, work, and social interactions to determine abnormality. This criterion considers the practical impact of mental health issues on a person's life.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333350,"front":"What are the characteristics suggested by Rosenhan & Seligman (1989) that would not enable someone to function adequately?","back":"The characteristics include suffering, maladaptiveness (being a danger to self), vividness and unconventionality (standing out), unpredictability & loss of control, irrationality/incomprehensibility, causing the observer discomfort, and violating moral/social standards.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Rosenhan & Seligman (1989) identified characteristics that could hinder adequate functioning, such as suffering, maladaptiveness, vividness, unpredictability, irrationality, causing discomfort, and violating social/moral standards. These traits may impede an individual's ability to function effectively in society.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333351,"front":"Describe the concept of 'Deviation from ideal mental health' in abnormal psychology.","back":"'Deviation from ideal mental health' is a definition of abnormality where, rather than defining what is abnormal, we define what is normal or ideal and anything that deviates from this is regarded as abnormal. This requires us to decide on the characteristics we consider necessary to mental health.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The concept of 'Deviation from ideal mental health' in abnormal psychology focuses on defining abnormality by comparing it to an ideal or normal state of mental health. Instead of directly defining abnormality, this approach involves identifying the characteristics that are considered necessary for mental health. Any deviation from these ideal characteristics is then regarded as abnormal. This perspective highlights the importance of establishing a clear understanding of what constitutes normal mental health in order to identify and address deviations from it.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333353,"front":"What is a strength and a weakness of the 'Failure to function adequately' definition of abnormality?","back":"A strength of this definition is that it acknowledges the patient’s own feelings, for example if they are suffering. A weakness is that 'failing to function' could just be going against a social norm, therefore, a person could be judged as not functioning when they actually are.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The \"Failure to function adequately\" definition considers subjective distress, which is crucial in understanding abnormality. However, it may pathologize behaviors that deviate from societal norms but are not inherently dysfunctional. This highlights the importance of considering cultural context in assessments.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333359,"front":"How does the concept of abnormality relate to social norms?","back":"Abnormality can be seen as deviating from accepted social norms. For example, homosexuality was once seen as going against social norms and was even classified as criminal behaviour, but is now recognised as normal. Therefore, groups which deviate from the accepted standards of behaviour may find themselves being classified as mentally ill, unjustifiably.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Abnormality is often defined in relation to societal norms. What is considered abnormal can change over time as social norms evolve. Historically, behaviors like homosexuality were pathologized due to not aligning with prevailing norms, highlighting the influence of societal standards on perceptions of abnormality.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333370,"front":"Describe the behavioural characteristics of phobias.","back":"Behavioural characteristics of phobias include panic, such as trying to run away, screaming and crying; avoidance, such as trying not to touch door handles in public places due to a phobia of germs; and endurance, such as having to ‘deal with’ the situation (having to get a flight when scared of flying).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Phobias often trigger intense emotional responses, leading to actions aimed at escaping or avoiding the feared object or situation. This can significantly impact daily life, as individuals may go to great lengths to prevent encounters with their phobia, highlighting the profound influence of fear on behavior and decision-making.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333379,"front":"What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?","back":"Emotional characteristics of phobias include anxiety- being in an unpleasant, heightened state of arousal. The emotions experienced are out of proportion to the danger posed, for example an arachnophobia sufferer reacting with extreme anxiety at the sight of a tiny spider.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Phobias are characterized by intense anxiety and fear. Individuals with phobias experience heightened emotional arousal when confronted with the object or situation they fear. These emotions are often disproportionate to the actual level of danger present. For instance, someone with arachnophobia may exhibit extreme anxiety in response to a small spider. This emotional response is a key feature of phobias and can significantly impact an individual's daily life and well-being.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333391,"front":"Define the cognitive characteristics of phobias.","back":"Cognitive characteristics of phobias include paying selective attention to the feared object, so not being able to concentrate on anything else. Thoughts are often irrational, for example being afraid to go outside due to the (tiny) likelihood of something bad happening. Cognitive distortions are where normal objects are perceived as ugly or repulsive by the sufferer.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Phobias often lead to heightened awareness of potential threats, skewing perception and judgment. This selective focus can hinder daily functioning, as individuals may overestimate danger and underestimate their ability to cope. Cognitive distortions further exacerbate fear, creating a cycle that reinforces avoidance behaviors.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333394,"front":"Describe the behavioural characteristics of depression.","back":"Behavioural characteristics of depression include lowered activity levels, such as finding it hard to get out of bed, or being agitated; disruption to sleep and eating behaviour, such as eating or sleeping more or less than usual; and aggression toward others and self-harm.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Depression often manifests through noticeable changes in daily routines and interactions. Individuals may withdraw from social activities, exhibit irritability, or struggle with motivation. These behaviors can stem from overwhelming feelings of sadness or hopelessness, impacting both physical health and relationships. Understanding these traits is crucial for support.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333395,"front":"What are the emotional characteristics of depression?","back":"Emotional characteristics of depression include a lowered mood, such as feeling worthless, unhappy and ‘empty’; anger, which can be directed toward the self or others; and lowered self-confidence and self-esteem.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Depression often manifests through a complex interplay of emotions. Feelings of worthlessness can stem from negative self-perception, while anger may arise from frustration or helplessness. This emotional turmoil can significantly impact relationships and daily functioning, highlighting the need for understanding and support.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333396,"front":"Define the cognitive characteristics of depression.","back":"Cognitive characteristics of depression include poor concentration, such as being unable to stick to and finish a task.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Depression can lead to negative thinking patterns, self-criticism, and difficulty making decisions. It often involves memory problems, pessimism, and a distorted perception of reality. These cognitive symptoms can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333397,"front":"Describe the concept of dwelling on the negative and absolutist thinking.","back":"Dwelling on the negative is a cognitive bias where one only focuses on the bad aspects of a situation and ignores the positive aspects. Absolutist thinking, on the other hand, is a cognitive distortion where things are perceived as perfect successes or disasters, with nothing in between.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Focusing solely on negative aspects can lead to a skewed perception of reality, often resulting in increased anxiety and depression. Absolutist thinking limits one's ability to see nuances, fostering a rigid mindset that can hinder problem-solving and personal growth. Both patterns can significantly impact mental well-being.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333403,"front":"Define the characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).","back":"OCD is characterised by obsessive thoughts and/or compulsive behaviours. Behavioural characteristics include the need to perform certain repetitive actions, usually done to reduce anxiety associated with an obsessive thought. Emotional characteristics include anxiety, distress, guilt, and disgust. Cognitive characteristics include obsessive thoughts which are unpleasant and continually recurring. OCD sufferers have insight into their thoughts, meaning that they know they are not thinking rationally, but they cannot help the thoughts and compulsive behaviours.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves a cycle of obsessive thoughts leading to compulsive behaviors. Individuals often feel anxious, distressed, or guilty due to these thoughts. They are aware of the irrationality but struggle to control them, resorting to repetitive actions for relief.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333417,"front":"How does a phobia manifest in an individual? Use Jake's fear of spiders as an example.","back":"A phobia manifests in an individual through intense fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. For example, Jake has a phobia of spiders. Whenever he sees a spider, he experiences intense fear and tries to get as far away from it as possible. He also avoids situations where he might encounter a spider, such as wildlife parks or nature documentaries.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Phobias like Jake's fear of spiders often trigger a fight-or-flight response, causing physical symptoms like sweating or rapid heartbeat. Over time, avoidance behaviors can reinforce the fear, making it challenging to overcome without intervention like therapy or exposure techniques.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333418,"front":"Do all OCD sufferers have insight into their thoughts?","back":"Yes, one of the cognitive characteristics of OCD is that sufferers have insight into their thoughts. This means that they are aware that their thoughts are not rational, but they are unable to control them.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Individuals with OCD often recognize that their intrusive thoughts are irrational, which can lead to significant distress. This awareness can create a paradox where they feel trapped by their thoughts, knowing they are not logical yet struggling to dismiss them. This insight can complicate their emotional response and treatment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333419,"front":"Describe the emotional characteristics of OCD.","back":"The emotional characteristics of OCD include anxiety and distress, often associated with the obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions. Sufferers may also experience feelings of guilt and disgust, often directed towards an external stimulus.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Individuals with OCD often grapple with overwhelming anxiety stemming from intrusive thoughts, leading to compulsive behaviors as a coping mechanism. This cycle can foster feelings of guilt and disgust, not just towards their actions but also towards themselves, creating a complex emotional landscape that complicates their daily lives.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333420,"front":"Define the behavioural characteristics of a phobia.","back":"The behavioural characteristics of a phobia include panic reactions and avoidance behaviours. For example, an individual with a phobia may react with intense fear when confronted with the object of their phobia and will go to great lengths to avoid encountering it.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Phobias often trigger a fight-or-flight response, leading to physical symptoms like sweating or trembling. This intense fear can disrupt daily life, as individuals may alter routines to evade their phobic stimulus. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for effective treatment, such as exposure therapy or cognitive-behavioral strategies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"GbuEy","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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