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Phobias

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards encompasses psychological theories and treatments for phobias and depression, detailing the two-process model, systematic desensitisation, flooding, and cognitive theories such as Beck's and Ellis's models. It outlines therapy approaches including CBT and REBT, their mechanisms, benefits, and limitations, as well as evidence supporting these cognitive theories.

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"Describe the two-process model developed by Mowrer (1960) for explaining phobias.d"	"The two-process model suggests that phobias are acquired through learning. Initially, phobias are acquired by classical conditioning, where an unpleasant emotion is paired with a stimulus, creating an association. For example, a child being knocked over by a dog associates the unpleasantness of falling over with dogs. Phobias are then maintained through operant conditioning, where the person avoids the phobic stimulus and gains a reward for doing so. This maintains the phobia because the feared association is never 'unlearned'."
"How does the two-process model contribute to the development of therapies for phobias?"	"The two-process model is useful for developing therapies as it explains that in order to overcome the fear, the person must be exposed to the phobic stimulus. This understanding has led to successful therapies for phobias."
"What are some criticisms of the two-process model for explaining phobias?"	"Some criticisms of the two-process model include that some phobias don't follow a traumatic experience, suggesting they have not been acquired through learning. Additionally, we may be pre-disposed to some phobias, such as snakes or spiders, which would have given human ancestors a survival advantage. This suggests the capacity for certain phobias is 'hard-wired', and therefore not learnt. Phobias of guns and cars, which are more dangerous to most humans today, are very rare, perhaps because these things were not present in humans' evolutionary past."
"Define Systematic Desensitisation (SD) and how it is used in treating phobias."	"Systematic Desensitisation (SD) is a therapy developed in the 1950s, based on principles of classical conditioning. It operates on the idea that it is not possible for two opposite emotions, such as relaxation and anxiety, to co-exist ('reciprocal inhibition'). The therapist and client work together to set a target behaviour (for example, to be able to touch a snake without panic). Relaxation techniques are taught and practised. Then, an anxiety hierarchy is drawn up, identifying small steps that are worked through, using a scale of 1-10 for estimating fear/challenge."
"What is the principle of 'reciprocal inhibition' in Systematic Desensitisation (SD)?"	"'Reciprocal inhibition' is the idea that it is not possible for two opposite emotions, such as relaxation and anxiety, to co-exist. This principle is used in Systematic Desensitisation (SD) where relaxation techniques are taught and practised to help overcome phobias."
"Describe the process of systematic desensitisation (SD) in treating phobias."	"Systematic desensitisation is a process where a client is gradually exposed to the object of their fear in a controlled and safe environment. The steps can be real or imaginary, and the client moves from one step to the next only after mastering the previous one. The process ends with the client being able to confront the target behaviour."
"What are some advantages of systematic desensitisation (SD)?"	"SD has been found to be effective in treating phobias, such as spider phobias. It can be used with a wide range of patients, including those with learning difficulties. It is also likely to have low drop-out rates as it does not seem too daunting a treatment."
"Define the concept of 'flooding' in the context of phobia treatment."	"'Flooding' is a treatment method similar to systematic desensitisation, but without the gradual build-up. The patient is immediately exposed to the target behaviour or situation that causes maximum anxiety. The aim is for the patient to unlearn the feared association or become exhausted by their reaction and eventually calm down."
"What are some potential drawbacks of the 'flooding' treatment method?"	"'Flooding' can be very traumatic for patients, causing extreme anxiety. It may not be appropriate for all individuals. Additionally, some phobias that have cognitive elements, such as a fear of public speaking, may not be treatable by flooding."
"How does the cognitive approach explain abnormal behaviour?"	"The cognitive approach suggests that abnormal behaviour arises from faulty or incorrect thought processes."
"Describe Beck's cognitive theory of depression."	"Beck's cognitive theory suggests that faulty thinking or irrational information processing leads to depression. This includes strategies such as all or none thinking, arbitrary inferences, overgeneralisation, catastrophising, selective abstraction, and excessive responsibility. Depressed people also have a negative self-schema, interpreting all information about themselves negatively, caused by the 'negative triad' of automatic negative thoughts about three aspects of existence."
"Define the 'negative triad' in Beck's cognitive theory of depression."	"The 'negative triad' in Beck's cognitive theory refers to automatic, negative thoughts about three aspects of existence that depressed people tend to have."
"Explain Ellis's ABC model in the context of depression."	"Ellis's ABC model focuses on irrational (negative) thoughts in response to an event to explain depression. 'A' stands for Activating event, 'B' for Beliefs about the event, and 'C' for Consequences of these beliefs. For example, failing an exam (A) might lead to the belief of being unintelligent and useless (B), which then results in low self-esteem, not working for other exams, continued poor results, and depression (C)."
"How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) work in treating depression?"	"Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) works by the therapist and patient identifying the negative, irrational thoughts the patient may have. Strategies are then used to challenge these thoughts, with the therapist disputing the validity of the beliefs. Negative thoughts are therefore rejected and more positive strategies used instead."
"What are some limitations of cognitive theories in explaining depression?"	"Cognitive theories can't explain all of the symptoms of depression, for example the extreme anger and hallucinations that some patients experience. Therefore, it is only a partial explanation for depression."
"What evidence supports the cognitive theories of depression?"	"Grazioli and Terry (2000) found that women assessed to be cognitively vulnerable to depression were more likely to go on to develop post-natal depression, supporting that negative thoughts do lead to depression. Additionally, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), developed as a result of these explanations, has been effective at treating depression."
"Describe the process of Beck's therapy for depression."	"In Beck's therapy, automatic thoughts about the self, world, and future are identified. The therapist then challenges these thoughts, questioning their validity. Patients are tasked to test the reality of these beliefs, for example by recording positive experiences in a diary. These findings are then used to challenge negative beliefs in the future."
"Define Ellis’s rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) and its ABCDE model."	"Ellis’s REBT is a therapy designed to help patients understand that their thoughts are irrational, and substitute these thoughts for more effective cognitions. The ABCDE model stands for: A – Activating Event, B – Belief, C – Consequence, D – Dispute, and E – Effect. The goal is to challenge and change irrational beliefs to create more positive outcomes."
"How does the process of logical disputing work in Ellis’s REBT?"	"Logical disputing is a strategy used in Ellis’s REBT to challenge irrational beliefs. It involves questioning whether it makes sense to think in a certain way. For example, if a person fails a test and believes they are a failure in life, the therapist would dispute this by asking if it's logical to equate a single failure with being a failure in life."
"What are some limitations of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression?"	"CBT may not work for some patients because it requires a great deal of cognitive effort to engage with the therapy, which may be beyond severely depressed patients. Additionally, by emphasizing cognition, environmental factors such as abusive relationships or unfulfilling jobs may be ignored. Changing the patient’s thoughts will not change their negative environments, which may actually be the cause of the depression."
"What evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression?"	"A study by March et al (2007) found that 81% of depressed adolescents showed improvement after undergoing CBT, compared to 81% using drugs and 86% using both treatments. This suggests that CBT is effective at reducing depression."

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Describe the two-process model developed by Mowrer (1960) for explaining phobias.d

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The two-process model suggests that phobias are acquired through learning. Initially, phobias are acquired by classical conditioning, where an unpleasant emotion is paired with a stimulus, creating an association. For example, a child being knocked over by a dog associates the unpleasantness of falling over with dogs. Phobias are then maintained through operant conditioning, where the person avoids the phobic stimulus and gains a reward for doing so. This maintains the phobia because the feared association is never 'unlearned'.

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[{"id":1332274,"front":"<p>Describe the two-process model developed by Mowrer (1960) for explaining phobias.d</p>","back":"The two-process model suggests that phobias are acquired through learning. Initially, phobias are acquired by classical conditioning, where an unpleasant emotion is paired with a stimulus, creating an association. For example, a child being knocked over by a dog associates the unpleasantness of falling over with dogs. Phobias are then maintained through operant conditioning, where the person avoids the phobic stimulus and gains a reward for doing so. This maintains the phobia because the feared association is never 'unlearned'.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mowrer's two-process model proposes that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant emotion with a stimulus, creating an association. For example, a child associating the unpleasantness of falling over with dogs. Operant conditioning occurs when the person avoids the phobic stimulus and gains a reward for doing so, reinforcing the avoidance behavior. This model suggests that phobias persist because the feared association is never \"unlearned.\"","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332275,"front":"How does the two-process model contribute to the development of therapies for phobias?","back":"The two-process model is useful for developing therapies as it explains that in order to overcome the fear, the person must be exposed to the phobic stimulus. This understanding has led to successful therapies for phobias.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The two-process model is a psychological theory that suggests that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a fear response, while operant conditioning involves avoiding the phobic stimulus to reduce anxiety. This model has contributed to the development of therapies for phobias by emphasizing the importance of exposure to the phobic stimulus in order to overcome the fear. Therapies such as systematic desensitization and exposure therapy are based on this principle and have been successful in helping individuals with phobias.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332296,"front":"What are some criticisms of the two-process model for explaining phobias?","back":"Some criticisms of the two-process model include that some phobias don't follow a traumatic experience, suggesting they have not been acquired through learning. Additionally, we may be pre-disposed to some phobias, such as snakes or spiders, which would have given human ancestors a survival advantage. This suggests the capacity for certain phobias is 'hard-wired', and therefore not learnt. Phobias of guns and cars, which are more dangerous to most humans today, are very rare, perhaps because these things were not present in humans' evolutionary past.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The two-process model for explaining phobias has been criticized for not accounting for phobias that don't stem from traumatic experiences, implying that not all phobias are learned. Additionally, the model doesn't address the evolutionary advantage of certain phobias, suggesting a hard-wired predisposition. This challenges the idea that all phobias are acquired through learning.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332314,"front":"Define Systematic Desensitisation (SD) and how it is used in treating phobias.","back":"Systematic Desensitisation (SD) is a therapy developed in the 1950s, based on principles of classical conditioning. It operates on the idea that it is not possible for two opposite emotions, such as relaxation and anxiety, to co-exist ('reciprocal inhibition'). The therapist and client work together to set a target behaviour (for example, to be able to touch a snake without panic). Relaxation techniques are taught and practised. Then, an anxiety hierarchy is drawn up, identifying small steps that are worked through, using a scale of 1-10 for estimating fear/challenge.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Systematic Desensitisation (SD) is a therapy that utilizes classical conditioning principles to treat phobias. It is based on the concept of reciprocal inhibition, which suggests that relaxation and anxiety cannot coexist. The therapist and client collaborate to establish a target behavior and teach relaxation techniques. An anxiety hierarchy is created, outlining incremental steps to be gradually confronted, with fear levels estimated on a scale of 1-10. By repeatedly exposing the individual to feared stimuli while maintaining relaxation, SD aims to reduce anxiety and desensitize the phobia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332327,"front":"What is the principle of 'reciprocal inhibition' in Systematic Desensitisation (SD)?","back":"'Reciprocal inhibition' is the idea that it is not possible for two opposite emotions, such as relaxation and anxiety, to co-exist. This principle is used in Systematic Desensitisation (SD) where relaxation techniques are taught and practised to help overcome phobias.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Reciprocal inhibition in Systematic Desensitization relies on the concept that relaxation and anxiety cannot occur simultaneously. By introducing relaxation techniques during exposure to phobic stimuli, the relaxation response counteracts anxiety, aiding in overcoming fears.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332336,"front":"Describe the process of systematic desensitisation (SD) in treating phobias.","back":"Systematic desensitisation is a process where a client is gradually exposed to the object of their fear in a controlled and safe environment. The steps can be real or imaginary, and the client moves from one step to the next only after mastering the previous one. The process ends with the client being able to confront the target behaviour.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Systematic desensitisation is a widely used technique in treating phobias. It involves exposing the client to their fear in a gradual and controlled manner. This exposure can be done through real-life situations or through imagination. By gradually increasing the intensity of exposure, the client learns to manage their fear response and eventually becomes desensitized to the phobic stimulus. This process allows the client to confront their fear and regain control over their reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332346,"front":"What are some advantages of systematic desensitisation (SD)?","back":"SD has been found to be effective in treating phobias, such as spider phobias. It can be used with a wide range of patients, including those with learning difficulties. It is also likely to have low drop-out rates as it does not seem too daunting a treatment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Systematic desensitization is a gradual exposure therapy that helps individuals overcome fears by replacing anxiety with relaxation. It is versatile, suitable for various individuals, and tends to have high compliance rates due to its structured and manageable approach, making it effective for treating phobias.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332353,"front":"Define the concept of 'flooding' in the context of phobia treatment.","back":"'Flooding' is a treatment method similar to systematic desensitisation, but without the gradual build-up. The patient is immediately exposed to the target behaviour or situation that causes maximum anxiety. The aim is for the patient to unlearn the feared association or become exhausted by their reaction and eventually calm down.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Flooding in phobia treatment involves confronting the feared stimulus head-on without gradual exposure. This intense approach aims to prompt the patient to confront and eventually overcome their fear by either unlearning the association or reaching a point of exhaustion leading to reduced anxiety.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332359,"front":"What are some potential drawbacks of the 'flooding' treatment method?","back":"'Flooding' can be very traumatic for patients, causing extreme anxiety. It may not be appropriate for all individuals. Additionally, some phobias that have cognitive elements, such as a fear of public speaking, may not be treatable by flooding.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Flooding treatment can lead to heightened distress and may not suit everyone due to its intense nature. It may not effectively address phobias with underlying cognitive components. Individual suitability and potential emotional impact should be carefully considered before opting for this method.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332360,"front":"How does the cognitive approach explain abnormal behaviour?","back":"The cognitive approach suggests that abnormal behaviour arises from faulty or incorrect thought processes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The cognitive approach focuses on how individuals perceive, interpret, and process information, suggesting that distorted thoughts can lead to abnormal behavior. This perspective emphasizes the role of cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs in shaping behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332365,"front":"Describe Beck's cognitive theory of depression.","back":"Beck's cognitive theory suggests that faulty thinking or irrational information processing leads to depression. This includes strategies such as all or none thinking, arbitrary inferences, overgeneralisation, catastrophising, selective abstraction, and excessive responsibility. Depressed people also have a negative self-schema, interpreting all information about themselves negatively, caused by the 'negative triad' of automatic negative thoughts about three aspects of existence.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Beck's cognitive theory of depression proposes that distorted thinking patterns contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. These patterns include black-and-white thinking, jumping to conclusions, making sweeping generalizations, catastrophizing, focusing on negative details, and taking excessive responsibility. Additionally, individuals with depression tend to have a negative self-schema, interpreting information about themselves in a negative light. This negative self-schema is influenced by automatic negative thoughts about three key areas of life: the self, the world, and the future.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332366,"front":"Define the 'negative triad' in Beck's cognitive theory of depression.","back":"The 'negative triad' in Beck's cognitive theory refers to automatic, negative thoughts about three aspects of existence that depressed people tend to have.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In Beck's cognitive theory, the negative triad involves pessimistic views on oneself, the world, and the future. These negative automatic thoughts contribute to and maintain feelings of depression. Identifying and challenging these thoughts is a key aspect of cognitive therapy for depression.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332367,"front":"Explain Ellis's ABC model in the context of depression.","back":"Ellis's ABC model focuses on irrational (negative) thoughts in response to an event to explain depression. 'A' stands for Activating event, 'B' for Beliefs about the event, and 'C' for Consequences of these beliefs. For example, failing an exam (A) might lead to the belief of being unintelligent and useless (B), which then results in low self-esteem, not working for other exams, continued poor results, and depression (C).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Ellis's ABC model is a cognitive theory that highlights the role of irrational beliefs in shaping emotional responses like depression. It underscores how our interpretations of events (B) influence our emotional reactions (C), rather than the events themselves (A). This model emphasizes the importance of challenging and changing irrational beliefs to alleviate depressive symptoms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332368,"front":"How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) work in treating depression?","back":"Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) works by the therapist and patient identifying the negative, irrational thoughts the patient may have. Strategies are then used to challenge these thoughts, with the therapist disputing the validity of the beliefs. Negative thoughts are therefore rejected and more positive strategies used instead.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"CBT for depression focuses on changing negative thought patterns. By challenging and disputing these thoughts, individuals can shift towards more positive thinking. This process helps in breaking the cycle of negative emotions and behaviors associated with depression.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332369,"front":"What are some limitations of cognitive theories in explaining depression?","back":"Cognitive theories can't explain all of the symptoms of depression, for example the extreme anger and hallucinations that some patients experience. Therefore, it is only a partial explanation for depression.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Cognitive theories focus on thought patterns, overlooking biological and environmental factors contributing to depression. They may not address the full range of symptoms or the complexity of individual experiences, limiting their explanatory power in understanding depression comprehensively.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332370,"front":"What evidence supports the cognitive theories of depression?","back":"Grazioli and Terry (2000) found that women assessed to be cognitively vulnerable to depression were more likely to go on to develop post-natal depression, supporting that negative thoughts do lead to depression. Additionally, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), developed as a result of these explanations, has been effective at treating depression.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study by Grazioli and Terry (2000) provides empirical evidence linking cognitive vulnerability to depression. The success of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating depression further supports the role of negative thoughts in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332373,"front":"Describe the process of Beck's therapy for depression.","back":"In Beck's therapy, automatic thoughts about the self, world, and future are identified. The therapist then challenges these thoughts, questioning their validity. Patients are tasked to test the reality of these beliefs, for example by recording positive experiences in a diary. These findings are then used to challenge negative beliefs in the future.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Beck's therapy for depression focuses on identifying and challenging automatic negative thoughts. By questioning the validity of these thoughts and encouraging patients to test their beliefs, the therapy aims to reframe negative thinking patterns and promote more positive perspectives.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332382,"front":"Define Ellis’s rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) and its ABCDE model.","back":"Ellis’s REBT is a therapy designed to help patients understand that their thoughts are irrational, and substitute these thoughts for more effective cognitions. The ABCDE model stands for: A – Activating Event, B – Belief, C – Consequence, D – Dispute, and E – Effect. The goal is to challenge and change irrational beliefs to create more positive outcomes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) focuses on identifying and disputing irrational beliefs to improve emotional well-being. The ABCDE model helps individuals understand the connection between their beliefs and emotional consequences, aiming to replace negative thoughts with more rational ones for better outcomes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332383,"front":"How does the process of logical disputing work in Ellis’s REBT?","back":"Logical disputing is a strategy used in Ellis’s REBT to challenge irrational beliefs. It involves questioning whether it makes sense to think in a certain way. For example, if a person fails a test and believes they are a failure in life, the therapist would dispute this by asking if it's logical to equate a single failure with being a failure in life.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Logical disputing in Ellis's REBT involves challenging irrational beliefs by questioning their validity. This process aims to encourage individuals to critically evaluate their thoughts and consider more rational perspectives. By examining the evidence and logic behind their beliefs, individuals can develop a more balanced and constructive outlook.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332384,"front":"What are some limitations of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression?","back":"CBT may not work for some patients because it requires a great deal of cognitive effort to engage with the therapy, which may be beyond severely depressed patients. Additionally, by emphasizing cognition, environmental factors such as abusive relationships or unfulfilling jobs may be ignored. Changing the patient’s thoughts will not change their negative environments, which may actually be the cause of the depression.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"CBT's focus on cognitive restructuring may overlook external factors contributing to depression, like social or environmental stressors. Severe depression can hinder active participation in the therapy's cognitive exercises, limiting its effectiveness for some individuals.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332385,"front":"What evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression?","back":"A study by March et al (2007) found that 81% of depressed adolescents showed improvement after undergoing CBT, compared to 81% using drugs and 86% using both treatments. This suggests that CBT is effective at reducing depression.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study by March et al (2007) demonstrates the effectiveness of CBT in treating depression, showing comparable improvement rates to medication alone or a combination of both. This suggests that CBT can be a valuable treatment option for individuals struggling with depression.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"B3HaG","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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