New Day

Current Quiz

You previously generated a quiz from this deck.

Spaced Repetition

This mode helps you retain information by reviewing flashcards at optimal intervals, focusing on what needs the most reinforcement each day.

New Flashcards Per Day

🗂️
Flashcards

The standard way to view your flashcards without any extras

🧠
Exam Mode

Practice active recall and assess your answers with AI

⏳
Spaced Repetition

Memorize your flashcards using a scientifically proven method

🎯
Generate Quiz

Use AI to generate a quiz based on the same content

OCD

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards encompasses explanations and treatments of OCD, including the biological approach, genetic factors, the diathesis-stress model, and the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin. It also covers the effectiveness of drug therapies such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and tricyclics, and acknowledges potential side effects. Additional cards delve into the acquisition of phobias and an explanation of depression.

1 / 18

Combine

All flashcards from the current deck will be added to the deck selected from this list.

Export

This text is tab separated and can be imported into various flashcard apps.

"Describe the biological approach to explaining OCD."	"The biological approach suggests that abnormal behaviour like OCD is caused by something physical happening in the body, which may be the result of genes. Genes may create a vulnerability to OCD, and there are many candidate genes involved in OCD, such as those involved in the serotonin and dopamine systems. It is polygenic, meaning several genes are involved, and it is aetiologically heterogeneous, meaning different combinations of genes cause different types of OCD in different people."
"What is the diathesis-stress model in relation to OCD?"	"The diathesis-stress model suggests that, along with a genetic vulnerability, the environment may trigger OCD. This means that while genes may predispose an individual to OCD, environmental factors or stressors can activate this predisposition."
"How does the study by Nestadt et al (2010) support the genetic explanation of OCD?"	"Nestadt et al (2010) found that 68% of identical twins were both diagnosed with OCD, compared to 31% of non-identical twins. This suggests there is a genetic basis for OCD, as identical twins share 100% of their genes."
"What is the role of serotonin in OCD according to neural explanations?"	"Low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, leads to impaired transmission of mood-relevant information, leading to a lowered mood. Low levels of serotonin are also linked to obsessive thoughts, which are a characteristic of OCD."
"How does abnormal frontal lobe functioning relate to OCD?"	"Abnormal frontal lobe functioning leads to impaired decision-making, which is a symptom of OCD. This suggests that the frontal lobe, which is responsible for decision-making and problem-solving, may not function properly in individuals with OCD."
"What does the study by Cromer et al (2007) suggest about the role of environment in OCD?"	"Cromer et al (2007) found that OCD was more severe in patients who had experienced traumatic events in their lives, and even more severe where patients had experienced more than one event. This suggests that the environment, specifically traumatic experiences, is more important than biology in developing OCD."
"Describe the role of serotonin in the development of OCD."	"Increasing serotonin levels reduces OCD symptoms, suggesting serotonin has a role in the development of OCD. However, the cause-effect relationship is not known, it could be that changes in the brain are a result of OCD, rather than causing it in the first place."
"Define the process of neurotransmitter activity in the brain."	"Neurotransmitters are released from the pre-synaptic cell into the synapse, then are absorbed by the post-synaptic cell. Excess neurotransmitter is then reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic cell. Drugs can increase synaptic activity by causing more neurotransmitter to be released, introducing a chemical that acts like the neurotransmitter, or preventing reuptake of neurotransmitter. Activity may be decreased by increasing the rate of neurotransmitter breakdown, or blocking off receptors at synapses."
"How do SSRIs work in the treatment of OCD?"	"SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for OCD. They work by blocking the transporter mechanism that re-absorbs serotonin into the presynaptic cell after it has fired. As a result, more serotonin is left in the synapse to be absorbed by the post synaptic cells."
"What is the function of tricyclics and SNRIs in treating OCD?"	"Tricyclics, like Clomipramine, work in the same way as SSRIs but have more side effects. SNRIs work on noradrenaline as well as serotonin, and may also be used in the treatment of OCD."
"Describe the strength of drug therapy for OCD as shown by Soomro et al (2009)."	"Soomro et al (2009) found that SSRIs were significantly better than placebos at reducing OCD symptoms, showing that the drugs are effective."
"Do drug therapies for OCD have any weaknesses?"	"Yes, a weakness of drugs is that they can have side effects, for example indigestion, loss of sex drive, blurred vision, weight gain and aggression. This weakens the use of drugs because patients may be less willing to take them, therefore their OCD symptoms will return."
"Define the term 'Deviation' in the context of abnormality definition."	"'Deviation' refers to acting in a way that is different to how we expect."
"How are phobias acquired according to the two-process model?"	"According to the two-process model, phobias are acquired through classical conditioning."
"What do the therapist and patient construct in systematic desensitisation?"	"In systematic desensitisation, the therapist and patient construct an anxiety hierarchy."
"What is Ellis’s explanation of depression known as?"	"Ellis’s explanation of depression is known as ABC."
"Which neurotransmitter is associated with OCD symptoms?"	"Serotonin is associated with OCD symptoms."
"What does SSRI stand for?"	"SSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor."

Click to copy

Image

Front

Describe the biological approach to explaining OCD.

Back

The biological approach suggests that abnormal behaviour like OCD is caused by something physical happening in the body, which may be the result of genes. Genes may create a vulnerability to OCD, and there are many candidate genes involved in OCD, such as those involved in the serotonin and dopamine systems. It is polygenic, meaning several genes are involved, and it is aetiologically heterogeneous, meaning different combinations of genes cause different types of OCD in different people.

Image

Print Flashcards

[{"id":1332423,"front":"Describe the biological approach to explaining OCD.","back":"The biological approach suggests that abnormal behaviour like OCD is caused by something physical happening in the body, which may be the result of genes. Genes may create a vulnerability to OCD, and there are many candidate genes involved in OCD, such as those involved in the serotonin and dopamine systems. It is polygenic, meaning several genes are involved, and it is aetiologically heterogeneous, meaning different combinations of genes cause different types of OCD in different people.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The biological approach to explaining OCD focuses on physical factors, particularly genetic predisposition. Genes play a significant role, contributing to vulnerability and influencing neurotransmitter systems. OCD is polygenic and aetiologically heterogeneous, leading to diverse manifestations.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332436,"front":"What is the diathesis-stress model in relation to OCD?","back":"The diathesis-stress model suggests that, along with a genetic vulnerability, the environment may trigger OCD. This means that while genes may predispose an individual to OCD, environmental factors or stressors can activate this predisposition.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The diathesis-stress model proposes that both genetic predisposition and environmental stressors play a role in the development of OCD. It suggests that individuals may have a genetic vulnerability to OCD, and environmental factors or stress can trigger the manifestation of the disorder. This model highlights the complex interplay between genetic and environmental influences in the onset of OCD.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332448,"front":"How does the study by Nestadt et al (2010) support the genetic explanation of OCD?","back":"Nestadt et al (2010) found that 68% of identical twins were both diagnosed with OCD, compared to 31% of non-identical twins. This suggests there is a genetic basis for OCD, as identical twins share 100% of their genes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study by Nestadt et al (2010) provides support for the genetic explanation of OCD by comparing the rates of OCD diagnosis in identical twins and non-identical twins. The findings show that a higher percentage of identical twins were both diagnosed with OCD compared to non-identical twins. This suggests that there is a genetic component to OCD, as identical twins share all of their genes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332449,"front":"What is the role of serotonin in OCD according to neural explanations?","back":"Low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, leads to impaired transmission of mood-relevant information, leading to a lowered mood. Low levels of serotonin are also linked to obsessive thoughts, which are a characteristic of OCD.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Low levels of serotonin can impact mood regulation and are associated with obsessive thoughts in OCD. Serotonin helps transmit mood-relevant information in the brain, and its deficiency can contribute to the development and persistence of obsessive thoughts, a key feature of OCD.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332450,"front":"How does abnormal frontal lobe functioning relate to OCD?","back":"Abnormal frontal lobe functioning leads to impaired decision-making, which is a symptom of OCD. This suggests that the frontal lobe, which is responsible for decision-making and problem-solving, may not function properly in individuals with OCD.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Abnormal frontal lobe functioning is linked to impaired decision-making, a symptom of OCD. The frontal lobe governs decision-making and problem-solving, so dysfunction in this area may contribute to OCD symptoms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332451,"front":"What does the study by Cromer et al (2007) suggest about the role of environment in OCD?","back":"Cromer et al (2007) found that OCD was more severe in patients who had experienced traumatic events in their lives, and even more severe where patients had experienced more than one event. This suggests that the environment, specifically traumatic experiences, is more important than biology in developing OCD.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study by Cromer et al (2007) suggests that traumatic experiences in a person's life may play a significant role in the severity of OCD. This indicates that environmental factors, particularly traumatic events, may have a greater impact than biological factors in the development of OCD.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332452,"front":"Describe the role of serotonin in the development of OCD.","back":"Increasing serotonin levels reduces OCD symptoms, suggesting serotonin has a role in the development of OCD. However, the cause-effect relationship is not known, it could be that changes in the brain are a result of OCD, rather than causing it in the first place.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood regulation. Research suggests that increasing serotonin levels can alleviate OCD symptoms. However, the exact cause-effect relationship between serotonin and OCD development is not fully understood. It's possible that changes in serotonin levels are a result of OCD rather than the cause of it.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332461,"front":"Define the process of neurotransmitter activity in the brain.","back":"Neurotransmitters are released from the pre-synaptic cell into the synapse, then are absorbed by the post-synaptic cell. Excess neurotransmitter is then reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic cell. Drugs can increase synaptic activity by causing more neurotransmitter to be released, introducing a chemical that acts like the neurotransmitter, or preventing reuptake of neurotransmitter. Activity may be decreased by increasing the rate of neurotransmitter breakdown, or blocking off receptors at synapses.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Neurotransmitter activity involves the release, absorption, and reabsorption of neurotransmitters between pre- and post-synaptic cells. Drugs can modulate this process by affecting neurotransmitter release, reuptake, breakdown, or receptor binding, influencing synaptic activity levels.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332468,"front":"How do SSRIs work in the treatment of OCD?","back":"SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for OCD. They work by blocking the transporter mechanism that re-absorbs serotonin into the presynaptic cell after it has fired. As a result, more serotonin is left in the synapse to be absorbed by the post synaptic cells.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"SSRIs help treat OCD by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. By blocking its reabsorption, SSRIs enhance its effects, potentially alleviating OCD symptoms. This mechanism is crucial in managing OCD's neurochemical imbalances.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332469,"front":"What is the function of tricyclics and SNRIs in treating OCD?","back":"Tricyclics, like Clomipramine, work in the same way as SSRIs but have more side effects. SNRIs work on noradrenaline as well as serotonin, and may also be used in the treatment of OCD.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Tricyclics, such as Clomipramine, are commonly used in the treatment of OCD. They function similarly to SSRIs, but may have more side effects. SNRIs, on the other hand, work on both serotonin and noradrenaline, making them another option for treating OCD. These medications help regulate neurotransmitter levels in the brain, which can alleviate symptoms of OCD.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332470,"front":"Describe the strength of drug therapy for OCD as shown by Soomro et al (2009).","back":"Soomro et al (2009) found that SSRIs were significantly better than placebos at reducing OCD symptoms, showing that the drugs are effective.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Soomro et al (2009) demonstrated the efficacy of SSRIs in alleviating OCD symptoms compared to placebos. This highlights the robustness of drug therapy in managing OCD, offering a valuable treatment option supported by empirical evidence.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332480,"front":"Do drug therapies for OCD have any weaknesses?","back":"Yes, a weakness of drugs is that they can have side effects, for example indigestion, loss of sex drive, blurred vision, weight gain and aggression. This weakens the use of drugs because patients may be less willing to take them, therefore their OCD symptoms will return.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"While drug therapies can effectively manage OCD symptoms, the potential side effects like indigestion, loss of sex drive, and weight gain can deter patients from consistent use. This non-adherence may lead to a resurgence of OCD symptoms, impacting the overall effectiveness of drug treatments.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332481,"front":"Define the term 'Deviation' in the context of abnormality definition.","back":"'Deviation' refers to acting in a way that is different to how we expect.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In the context of abnormality, 'deviation' implies behavior that strays from societal norms or expectations. It highlights actions or thoughts that are uncommon or divergent from what is considered typical or acceptable in a given culture or society.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332486,"front":"How are phobias acquired according to the two-process model?","back":"According to the two-process model, phobias are acquired through classical conditioning.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The two-process model suggests that phobias are initially acquired through classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fearful response. This association is then maintained and reinforced through operant conditioning, leading to the development and persistence of the phobia.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332491,"front":"What do the therapist and patient construct in systematic desensitisation?","back":"In systematic desensitisation, the therapist and patient construct an anxiety hierarchy.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Systematic desensitization involves creating a hierarchy of anxiety-inducing situations. This collaborative process between the therapist and patient helps identify and rank fears, allowing for gradual exposure to reduce anxiety responses systematically. It empowers the patient to confront fears in a structured manner.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332495,"front":"What is Ellis’s explanation of depression known as?","back":"Ellis’s explanation of depression is known as ABC.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Albert Ellis's explanation of depression is known as the ABC model. This model suggests that our beliefs about events (B) largely determine our emotional and behavioral responses (C), rather than the events themselves (A). It is a key concept in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332498,"front":"Which neurotransmitter is associated with OCD symptoms?","back":"Serotonin is associated with OCD symptoms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, anxiety, and behavior. Research has shown that individuals with OCD often have imbalances in serotonin levels in their brain. Serotonin helps to transmit signals between nerve cells and is involved in the regulation of various brain functions. Therefore, an association between serotonin and OCD symptoms has been established.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332500,"front":"What does SSRI stand for?","back":"SSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"SSRI is a type of antidepressant that works by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. It is commonly prescribed to treat conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, and certain personality disorders. SSRI medications are considered a first-line treatment due to their effectiveness and relatively low side effect profile compared to older antidepressants.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"Ay0EM","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

Options

Arrange Cards

Chronological

Random

Card Direction

Front First

Back First

Share this deck

Click to copy

Delete this deck

Are you sure you want to delete this deck? This cannot be undone.

OCD Flashcards

Sign Up

New Day

Current Quiz

Spaced Repetition

New Flashcards Per Day

🗂️
Flashcards

🧠
Exam Mode

⏳
Spaced Repetition

🎯
Generate Quiz

OCD

A-Level AQA Psychology

Combine

Export

Front

Back

Print Flashcards

Print Type

Font Size

Rows Per Page

Options

Arrange Cards

Card Direction

Share this deck

Delete this deck

Sign Up

OCD Flashcards

Sign Up

New Day

Current Quiz

Spaced Repetition

New Flashcards Per Day

🗂️ Flashcards

🧠 Exam Mode

⏳ Spaced Repetition

🎯 Generate Quiz

OCD

A-Level AQA Psychology

Combine

Export

Front

Back

Print Flashcards

Print Type

Font Size

Rows Per Page

Options

Arrange Cards

Card Direction

Share this deck

Delete this deck

Sign Up

🗂️
Flashcards

🧠
Exam Mode

⏳
Spaced Repetition

🎯
Generate Quiz