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Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards covers key concepts in attachment theory, including 'cupboard love', classical and operant conditioning, Bowlby's innate theory, and Ainsworth's Strange Situation study. It reviews attachment types, the role of culture in attachment, and pivotal research findings that inform our understanding of the development and implications of child-caregiver relationships.

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"Describe the 'cupboard love' idea in the context of attachment theory."	"The 'cupboard love' idea proposes that attachments are formed when an infant receives food - they learn to ‘love’ the person who feeds them."
"Define classical conditioning in the context of attachment theory."	"Classical conditioning involves learning through associating a stimulus with a response. In the context of attachment, as food naturally gives pleasure, food is an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the unconditioned pleasure response. The caregiver gives the infant food, and the infant learns to associate the caregiver with the food- so the caregiver becomes a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the pleasure of being fed, which is now ‘paired’ with the caregiver."
"Explain operant conditioning in the context of attachment theory."	"Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards/punishments. By crying, infants produce a response from the caregiver of caring and comforting them, so learns that by crying, the caregiver will care for them. From the caregiver’s perspective, comforting the infant leads to the crying stopping, so this behaviour will be repeated by the caregiver."
"What is the 'secondary drive' in the context of attachment theory?"	"Biological compulsions such as the need to satisfy hunger are described as ‘primary drives’. Because the caregiver reduces hunger, the attachment to them becomes the ‘secondary drive’ for the infant."
"How does Bowlby's theory differ from the learning theory of attachment?"	"Bowlby suggested that attachment is an innate (unlearned, instinctual) process, which is evolutionarily beneficial - those infants that did become attached would be more likely to be cared for by an adult, therefore more likely to survive and pass on this behaviour genetically."
"What is 'monotropy' in Bowlby's theory of attachment?"	"Monotropy is the concept that it is important for infants to have one primary attachment figure whom they have a close bond with. Usually this is the mother, although this is not essential."
"Describe the 'law of continuity' and 'law of accumulated separation' in the context of attachment theory."	"The 'law of continuity' refers to the idea that continuous, consistent care fosters better attachment in infants. The 'law of accumulated separation' suggests that minimizing separations from the primary caregiver promotes better attachment."
"What are 'social releasers' in the context of attachment theory?"	"'Social releasers' are innate infant behaviours and characteristics that trigger an innate nurturing response from adults. These can include 'cute' facial features or crying, which prompts adults to respond."
"Define the 'critical period' in Bowlby's attachment theory."	"The 'critical period' in Bowlby's attachment theory is the first two years of an infant's life. Bowlby proposed that if an infant does not form an attachment within this period, it will be very difficult or impossible to form one later."
"Explain the concept of 'internal working model' in attachment theory."	"The 'internal working model' is the idea that a child's attachment to a caregiver provides them with a 'model' of what relationships are like and how they work. The quality of this attachment can influence the child's future relationships and parenting skills."
"How does the idea of monotropy relate to social sensitivity?"	"The idea of monotropy is 'socially sensitive' because it places a great deal of pressure on the primary attachment figure, usually the mother, to form sensitive, loving, nurturing attachments with their children. The quality of this attachment can have long-term effects on the child's life."
"What did Brazleton et al's (1975) study reveal about the role of social releasers in attachment?"	"Brazleton et al's (1975) study found that when parents were instructed to ignore social releasers from their babies, the babies responded negatively, suggesting that social releasers play a crucial role in the attachment relationship."
"What did Bailey et al's (2007) study reveal about the internal working model in attachment theory?"	"Bailey et al's (2007) study found that mothers who reported poor attachments to their own mothers also had poor quality attachments to their children. This supports the idea of the internal working model in attachment theory."
"What was the aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation study?"	"The aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation study was to observe and classify different types of attachment."
"Describe the concept of 'stranger anxiety' in the context of child psychology."	"'Stranger anxiety' refers to a child becoming upset in the presence of a stranger. It is a common developmental stage in infants and is often used as a measure in psychological studies of attachment."
"Define 'separation anxiety' and 'reunion behaviour' in child psychology."	"'Separation anxiety' refers to a child becoming upset when their caregiver leaves, while 'reunion behaviour' refers to the child's reaction when the caregiver re-enters the room. Both are key concepts in studies of attachment."
"How did Ainsworth classify the patterns of behaviour shown by infants in her study?"	"Ainsworth classified the infants' behaviour into three distinct types: Secure attachment (Type B), where infants were happy to explore and showed moderate stranger and separation anxiety; Insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A), where infants happily explored but did not return to the caregiver and showed low stranger and separation anxiety; and Insecure-resistant attachment (Type C), where infants explored less and showed high stranger and separation anxiety."
"What are the implications of being classified as 'secure' in terms of future relationships?"	"Babies classified as 'secure' are more likely to have successful relationships later in life. This supports the validity of the explanation of attachment types."
"What is 'inter-rater reliability' and how was it used in the study?"	"'Inter-rater reliability' refers to the degree of agreement among observers. In the study, it was high, suggesting that the controlled nature of the study and the behavioural categories were appropriate and reliable."
"How does culture bias affect the procedure of the study?"	"The procedure of the study was affected by Western methods of child-rearing, which may not apply to infants from other cultures who may be raised differently. Therefore, these infants may act differently in the tested situations, indicating a culture bias in the study."
"Define the term 'culture' in the context of psychology."	"In psychology, 'culture' refers to the specific norms, values, standards of behaviour, and potentially shared history that exist in groups of people."
"Describe the aim of Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's 1988 study."	"The aim of the study was to investigate the proportion of different attachment types in different countries."
"What were the findings of Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's 1988 study?"	"The study found that in all countries, secure attachment was most common. Insecure-resistant was the least common type overall, apart from in Japan and Israel, where insecure-avoidant was the least common. Variations between cultures were actually less than variations within cultures."
"What is the significance of Simonella et al's 2014 study?"	"Simonella et al's 2014 study found that 50% of 12 month-olds in Italy were securely attached, 36% insecure-avoidant, showing lower rates of secure attachment than older studies."
"What is the 'imposed etic' problem in cultural studies?"	"The 'imposed etic' problem refers to designing research in one culture and inappropriately using it with another, which can lead to results that lack validity."
"How does the sample size impact the validity of the results in cultural studies?"	"Large sample sizes increase the internal validity of the results as the impact of 'outliers' or anomalous results is lessened."
"What is the conclusion about the primary attachment type for infants from all cultures?"	"Secure attachment is the primary attachment type for infants from all cultures, although there were differences in the levels of it, and the other attachment types, suggesting that culture does affect attachment. Differences within cultures are more significant than between cultures."

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Describe the 'cupboard love' idea in the context of attachment theory.

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The 'cupboard love' idea proposes that attachments are formed when an infant receives food - they learn to ‘love’ the person who feeds them.

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[{"id":1332919,"front":"Describe the 'cupboard love' idea in the context of attachment theory.","back":"The 'cupboard love' idea proposes that attachments are formed when an infant receives food - they learn to ‘love’ the person who feeds them.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The \"cupboard love\" concept in attachment theory suggests that infants form attachments based on the provision of food. This idea implies that the caregiver becomes the object of affection because they provide nourishment, rather than being loved for their intrinsic qualities. This notion has been influential in understanding early attachment relationships.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332921,"front":"Define classical conditioning in the context of attachment theory.","back":"Classical conditioning involves learning through associating a stimulus with a response. In the context of attachment, as food naturally gives pleasure, food is an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the unconditioned pleasure response. The caregiver gives the infant food, and the infant learns to associate the caregiver with the food- so the caregiver becomes a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the pleasure of being fed, which is now ‘paired’ with the caregiver.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Classical conditioning, as applied to attachment theory, involves the association of a caregiver with the pleasure of being fed. This forms a conditioned response where the caregiver becomes a source of comfort and security for the infant, shaping their attachment. This process highlights the role of learned associations in forming emotional bonds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332929,"front":"Explain operant conditioning in the context of attachment theory.","back":"Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards/punishments. By crying, infants produce a response from the caregiver of caring and comforting them, so learns that by crying, the caregiver will care for them. From the caregiver’s perspective, comforting the infant leads to the crying stopping, so this behaviour will be repeated by the caregiver.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Operant conditioning in attachment theory involves the infant learning that certain behaviors, like crying, lead to a response from the caregiver, such as comfort. The caregiver, in turn, learns that providing comfort reduces the infant's distress. This reciprocal reinforcement strengthens the attachment bond.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332934,"front":"What is the 'secondary drive' in the context of attachment theory?","back":"Biological compulsions such as the need to satisfy hunger are described as ‘primary drives’. Because the caregiver reduces hunger, the attachment to them becomes the ‘secondary drive’ for the infant.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In attachment theory, primary drives are based on biological needs like hunger, while secondary drives stem from the fulfillment of those needs by the caregiver. This creates an attachment to the caregiver as a source of security and comfort, forming the basis of the infant's emotional bond.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332935,"front":"How does Bowlby's theory differ from the learning theory of attachment?","back":"Bowlby suggested that attachment is an innate (unlearned, instinctual) process, which is evolutionarily beneficial - those infants that did become attached would be more likely to be cared for by an adult, therefore more likely to survive and pass on this behaviour genetically.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Bowlby's theory differs from the learning theory of attachment by emphasizing that attachment is an innate process, rather than something that is learned through conditioning. Bowlby believed that attachment is a biological instinct that has evolved over time to ensure the survival and well-being of infants. This perspective suggests that attachment behaviors are not solely a result of environmental factors or reinforcement, but rather a natural and instinctual response to seek proximity and care from a primary caregiver.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332938,"front":"What is 'monotropy' in Bowlby's theory of attachment?","back":"Monotropy is the concept that it is important for infants to have one primary attachment figure whom they have a close bond with. Usually this is the mother, although this is not essential.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Monotropy in Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the significance of a singular primary attachment figure for infants, typically the mother. This primary bond serves as a secure base for exploration and emotional support, influencing the child's future relationships and emotional development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332940,"front":"Describe the 'law of continuity' and 'law of accumulated separation' in the context of attachment theory.","back":"The 'law of continuity' refers to the idea that continuous, consistent care fosters better attachment in infants. The 'law of accumulated separation' suggests that minimizing separations from the primary caregiver promotes better attachment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of consistent care for infants. The \"law of continuity\" highlights how ongoing, reliable care supports healthy attachment. Meanwhile, the \"law of accumulated separation\" underscores the impact of minimizing separations from the primary caregiver on fostering secure attachment in infants.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332942,"front":"What are 'social releasers' in the context of attachment theory?","back":"'Social releasers' are innate infant behaviours and characteristics that trigger an innate nurturing response from adults. These can include 'cute' facial features or crying, which prompts adults to respond.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Social releasers are crucial in forming secure attachments between infants and caregivers. These behaviors help infants elicit care and attention from adults, ensuring their needs are met for healthy development. Understanding social releasers is fundamental in comprehending attachment dynamics.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332944,"front":"Define the 'critical period' in Bowlby's attachment theory.","back":"The 'critical period' in Bowlby's attachment theory is the first two years of an infant's life. Bowlby proposed that if an infant does not form an attachment within this period, it will be very difficult or impossible to form one later.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The critical period in Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the significance of early caregiver-infant relationships. During this time, the foundation for emotional bonds and social development is established, impacting future relationships. Missing this window may lead to attachment difficulties.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332946,"front":"Explain the concept of 'internal working model' in attachment theory.","back":"The 'internal working model' is the idea that a child's attachment to a caregiver provides them with a 'model' of what relationships are like and how they work. The quality of this attachment can influence the child's future relationships and parenting skills.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The internal working model in attachment theory suggests that early relationships shape an individual's expectations and behaviors in future relationships. It serves as a template for understanding and navigating social interactions based on early attachment experiences. This model can impact emotional regulation, communication patterns, and relationship dynamics throughout life.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332948,"front":"How does the idea of monotropy relate to social sensitivity?","back":"The idea of monotropy is 'socially sensitive' because it places a great deal of pressure on the primary attachment figure, usually the mother, to form sensitive, loving, nurturing attachments with their children. The quality of this attachment can have long-term effects on the child's life.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Monotropy theory suggests that the primary caregiver, often the mother, plays a crucial role in a child's development. This intense focus on one attachment figure can impact the child's social sensitivity and emotional well-being, highlighting the significance of early relationships in shaping future interactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332950,"front":"What did Brazleton et al's (1975) study reveal about the role of social releasers in attachment?","back":"Brazleton et al's (1975) study found that when parents were instructed to ignore social releasers from their babies, the babies responded negatively, suggesting that social releasers play a crucial role in the attachment relationship.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Brazelton et al's (1975) study highlighted the significance of social releasers in forming attachment bonds by demonstrating that when parents disregarded these cues from their infants, it led to adverse reactions. This underscores the importance of social releasers in nurturing attachment.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332952,"front":"What did Bailey et al's (2007) study reveal about the internal working model in attachment theory?","back":"Bailey et al's (2007) study found that mothers who reported poor attachments to their own mothers also had poor quality attachments to their children. This supports the idea of the internal working model in attachment theory.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Bailey et al's (2007) study highlighted a significant link between a mother's attachment experiences with her own mother and the quality of attachment she forms with her children. This correlation underscores the influence of early attachment relationships on later attachment patterns, aligning with the concept of the internal working model in attachment theory.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332954,"front":"What was the aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation study?","back":"The aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation study was to observe and classify different types of attachment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Ainsworth's Strange Situation study aimed to investigate and categorize various forms of attachment between infants and their caregivers. By observing how infants responded to separation and reunion with their caregivers in a controlled laboratory setting, Ainsworth sought to identify different attachment styles, such as secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant. This study provided valuable insights into the nature of early parent-child relationships and their impact on child development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332956,"front":"Describe the concept of 'stranger anxiety' in the context of child psychology.","back":"'Stranger anxiety' refers to a child becoming upset in the presence of a stranger. It is a common developmental stage in infants and is often used as a measure in psychological studies of attachment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Stranger anxiety is a normal part of a child's social development, typically emerging around 6-8 months old. It showcases the child's growing ability to differentiate familiar faces from unfamiliar ones, indicating attachment formation and cognitive advancement. This behavior highlights the importance of secure attachments in early childhood.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332957,"front":"Define 'separation anxiety' and 'reunion behaviour' in child psychology.","back":"'Separation anxiety' refers to a child becoming upset when their caregiver leaves, while 'reunion behaviour' refers to the child's reaction when the caregiver re-enters the room. Both are key concepts in studies of attachment.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Separation anxiety and reunion behavior are fundamental concepts in attachment theory. They highlight the emotional bond between a child and caregiver, showcasing the child's distress upon separation and their subsequent response upon reunion. These behaviors are crucial for understanding attachment dynamics in child development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332960,"front":"How did Ainsworth classify the patterns of behaviour shown by infants in her study?","back":"Ainsworth classified the infants' behaviour into three distinct types: Secure attachment (Type B), where infants were happy to explore and showed moderate stranger and separation anxiety; Insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A), where infants happily explored but did not return to the caregiver and showed low stranger and separation anxiety; and Insecure-resistant attachment (Type C), where infants explored less and showed high stranger and separation anxiety.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Mary Ainsworth classified infants' behavior into three attachment types based on their responses to caregiver interactions: Secure (Type B), Insecure-avoidant (Type A), and Insecure-resistant (Type C). These classifications help understand infant-caregiver relationships.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332961,"front":"What are the implications of being classified as 'secure' in terms of future relationships?","back":"Babies classified as 'secure' are more likely to have successful relationships later in life. This supports the validity of the explanation of attachment types.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Being classified as 'secure' in infancy indicates a strong foundation for forming healthy relationships in the future. This is because secure attachment fosters trust, emotional regulation, and effective communication skills, which are crucial for maintaining successful relationships later in life.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332963,"front":"What is 'inter-rater reliability' and how was it used in the study?","back":"'Inter-rater reliability' refers to the degree of agreement among observers. In the study, it was high, suggesting that the controlled nature of the study and the behavioural categories were appropriate and reliable.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Inter-rater reliability measures consistency among observers. A high inter-rater reliability in the study indicates that multiple observers agreed on the data collected, enhancing the study's credibility and demonstrating the accuracy of the behavioral categories used.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332967,"front":"How does culture bias affect the procedure of the study?","back":"The procedure of the study was affected by Western methods of child-rearing, which may not apply to infants from other cultures who may be raised differently. Therefore, these infants may act differently in the tested situations, indicating a culture bias in the study.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Culture bias can impact a study's procedure by assuming universal behaviors based on one culture's norms. This can lead to misinterpretation of results when applied to diverse cultural contexts. Understanding cultural variations is crucial for accurate and unbiased research outcomes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332977,"front":"Define the term 'culture' in the context of psychology.","back":"In psychology, 'culture' refers to the specific norms, values, standards of behaviour, and potentially shared history that exist in groups of people.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Culture in psychology shapes individual behavior and thought processes, influencing how people perceive themselves and others. It encompasses language, traditions, and social practices, which can affect mental health, identity formation, and interpersonal relationships, highlighting the importance of context in psychological studies.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332978,"front":"Describe the aim of Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's 1988 study.","back":"The aim of the study was to investigate the proportion of different attachment types in different countries.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's 1988 study aimed to explore cross-cultural variations in attachment styles by examining the prevalence of different attachment types across various countries. This research sought to provide insights into how attachment patterns may vary globally.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332982,"front":"What were the findings of Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's 1988 study?","back":"The study found that in all countries, secure attachment was most common. Insecure-resistant was the least common type overall, apart from in Japan and Israel, where insecure-avoidant was the least common. Variations between cultures were actually less than variations within cultures.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's 1988 study revealed that secure attachment was prevalent across all countries studied. Interestingly, insecure-resistant attachment was least common overall, except in Japan and Israel where insecure-avoidant attachment was less common. The study highlighted that cultural differences in attachment styles were not as significant as individual variations within each culture.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1332992,"front":"What is the significance of Simonella et al's 2014 study?","back":"Simonella et al's 2014 study found that 50% of 12 month-olds in Italy were securely attached, 36% insecure-avoidant, showing lower rates of secure attachment than older studies.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Simonella et al's 2014 study is significant because it provides updated information on the attachment styles of 12-month-olds in Italy. The study found that only 50% of the infants were securely attached, which is lower than previous studies. This suggests a potential shift in attachment patterns over time. The study also identified a higher prevalence of insecure-avoidant attachment, highlighting the importance of understanding and addressing attachment issues in early childhood development.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333001,"front":"What is the 'imposed etic' problem in cultural studies?","back":"The 'imposed etic' problem refers to designing research in one culture and inappropriately using it with another, which can lead to results that lack validity.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The 'imposed etic' issue arises when researchers apply external frameworks to different cultures, risking inaccurate or invalid conclusions. This problem highlights the importance of considering cultural context in research design to ensure meaningful and accurate results.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333004,"front":"How does the sample size impact the validity of the results in cultural studies?","back":"Large sample sizes increase the internal validity of the results as the impact of 'outliers' or anomalous results is lessened.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In cultural studies, a larger sample size helps to reduce the influence of outliers or unusual data points, leading to more reliable and internally valid results. This is because a larger sample size provides a more representative and generalizable picture of the population being studied.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333006,"front":"What is the conclusion about the primary attachment type for infants from all cultures?","back":"Secure attachment is the primary attachment type for infants from all cultures, although there were differences in the levels of it, and the other attachment types, suggesting that culture does affect attachment. Differences within cultures are more significant than between cultures.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The conclusion highlights that secure attachment is predominant across cultures, but variations exist in its intensity and the presence of other attachment types. This suggests that while culture influences attachment, individual differences within cultures play a more substantial role than differences between cultures.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"9hf0d","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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