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Stress

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards explores the physiological and psychological responses to stress, including the General Adaptation Syndrome, acute and chronic stress responses, and the role of the hypothalamus in these processes. It also covers the impact of stress on the immune system and cardiovascular health, with references to key studies. Additionally, the flashcards discuss sources of stress, such as major life events and daily hassles, and their associated assessment tools and research findings.

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"Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) proposed by Selye (1936)."	"The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress. The stages are: Alarm reaction, where a stressor is perceived and the body prepares to respond; Resistance, where the body attempts to adapt to the stressor by releasing stress hormones; and Exhaustion, where the body's resources become depleted leading to symptoms such as raised blood pressure and heart rate, and a compromised immune system."
"What is the physiological response to acute stress?"	"The sympathomedullary pathway (SAM) deals with acute stress by activating the fight-or-flight response. A stressor is perceived, and the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This stimulates the release of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to effects such as raised heart rate, dilation of pupils, tension of muscles, and the conversion of glycogen to glucose."
"How does the body respond to chronic stress?"	"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system deals with chronic stress. A stressor is perceived, and the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). This sends a message to the pituitary gland in the brain, causing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the bloodstream. This stimulates the release of the hormone cortisol, which provides long-term energy supplies but can also have a negative effect on the immune system."
"What is the role of the hypothalamus in the stress response?"	"The hypothalamus plays a key role in the stress response. In acute stress, it activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), leading to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. In chronic stress, it releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and subsequently cortisol."
"What is the 'negative feedback loop' in the HPA system?"	"The 'negative feedback loop' in the HPA system is a self-regulating mechanism. Levels of cortisol are monitored by the brain, and if high levels are detected, the levels of CRF and ACTH are lowered, leading to a reduction in cortisol levels."
"How does the fight or flight response differ in females?"	"The fight or flight response may be less applicable to females. This suggests that females may have a different physiological response to stress, although the exact nature of this difference is not specified in the content."
"Describe the 'tend and befriend' characteristic in females during times of stress."	"The 'tend and befriend' characteristic refers to the response of females during times of stress, where they tend to protect their offspring and form social alliances, rather than exhibiting the 'fight or flight' response."
"How does chronic stress affect the immune system according to Kiecolt-Glaser et al's 1984 study?"	"Chronic stress prevents the immune system from functioning properly, leading to an increased likelihood of illness. The study found that the activity of Natural Killer (NK) and killer T cells, which help fight infection, was lowered in medical students during high-stress periods."
"Define Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs)."	"Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs) include any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, which includes strokes."
"What was the conclusion of Wilbert-Lampen et al's 2008 study on the effects of short-term stress on CVDs?"	"The study concluded that acute stress, such as watching an important football match, doubles the risk of a cardiovascular event."
"What was the conclusion of Yusuf et al's 2004 study on the effects of long-term stress on CVDs?"	"The study concluded that chronic stress contributes to the onset of, and severity of, Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs)."
"What did Dharbhar's 2008 study on rats suggest about the impact of stress on the immune system?"	"Dharbhar's study suggested that some forms of acute stress do not always have a negative impact on the immune system. In fact, mild stressors had a positive impact on the immune system in rats, as the body was prepared for physical damage."
"What did Pereira et al's 2003 study find about the impact of stress on HIV-positive women?"	"Pereira et al found that HIV-positive women who experienced several stressful life events were more likely to develop pre-cancerous lesions in the cervix compared to those with fewer stressful life events."
"Define 'Sources of Stress' in the context of psychology."	"Sources of stress refers to what factors in the environment lead to a triggering of the stress response. These can be major life changes or minor daily hassles."
"Describe the 'Social Readjustment Rating Scale' (SRRS) developed by Holmes and Rahe."	"The 'Social Readjustment Rating Scale' (SRRS) is a tool that assigns a score out of 100 (100 being most stressful) to a series of life events. It is used to assess the link between life changes and illness."
"How did Rahe et al (1970) investigate the link between life changes and illness?"	"Rahe et al studied US navy personnel who completed an early version of the SRRS considering the 6 months before they went on a tour of duty. Illness was recorded for each participant during the tour of duty. The findings showed a positive correlation between life change unit scores and illness scores."
"What is the criticism of measures such as the SRRS in evaluating stress?"	"Measures like the SRRS do not account for individual perceptions of events. For example, the death of a spouse may be more stressful if unexpected, compared to an expected death following a long illness. This weakens the validity of the life changes-stress link as individual differences are not considered."
"Define 'Daily Hassles' as a source of stress."	"Daily hassles are minor, fairly frequently-occurring events which cause frustration and stress. The effect of these is cumulative, as if lots of daily hassles are experienced at a similar time, the greater the likelihood of stress being experienced."
"What is the link between stress and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)?"	"The evidence that stress causes CVDs is mixed. There is more evidence that people with existing CVDs are more affected by stress. Therefore, stress may be one of a number of factors contributing to CVDs."
"What is the link between stress and weakened immune system functioning?"	"Stress has been found to weaken immune system functioning, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses."
"Describe the 'primary appraisal' and 'secondary appraisal' process as suggested by Lazarus."	"'Primary appraisal' is when a person considers how threatening a daily hassle is to their well-being. If it is judged as threatening, the person then engages in 'secondary appraisal', considering if they can cope with it."
"How did Kanner et al (1981) investigate the source of stress?"	"Kanner et al (1981) had participants complete a 'Hassles Scale' of 117 items, indicating what hassles they experienced each month for 9 months. They also completed a measure similar to the SRRS to consider life changes experienced just before starting the study and 10 months into it. Finally, they completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, measuring how anxious and depressed they were."
"What were the findings of Kanner et al (1981) study on stress?"	"The findings were that there were significant positive correlations between the amount of hassles experienced and measures of anxiety/depression, for both men and women. Hassles were more of a reliable predictor for signs of psychological illness than life events, suggesting hassles are a more significant source of stress."
"What are the limitations of research into daily hassles as a source of stress?"	"The research often involves retrospective recall, for example keeping a diary of hassles experienced that day/yesterday/last week/last month. As hassles are minor events, they may be easily forgotten or misremembered. This questions the validity of the findings. Also, it is hard to establish a cause-effect link with hassles and stress, as research is correlational."
"How does Ivancevich (1986) support the link between daily hassles and stress?"	"Ivancevich (1986) found that daily hassles were better predictors than life events for poor health, worse job performance, and more time off work. This supports the link between daily hassles and stress, and suggests that they are more significant than life changes."
"How does experiencing a major life event affect the impact of daily hassles?"	"If a person is experiencing a major life event (or has done recently), this will amplify the effect of daily hassles. What were previously minor irritations that could be ignored become significant sources of stress."

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Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) proposed by Selye (1936).

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The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress. The stages are: Alarm reaction, where a stressor is perceived and the body prepares to respond; Resistance, where the body attempts to adapt to the stressor by releasing stress hormones; and Exhaustion, where the body's resources become depleted leading to symptoms such as raised blood pressure and heart rate, and a compromised immune system.

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[{"id":1592878,"front":"Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) proposed by Selye (1936).","back":"The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress. The stages are: Alarm reaction, where a stressor is perceived and the body prepares to respond; Resistance, where the body attempts to adapt to the stressor by releasing stress hormones; and Exhaustion, where the body's resources become depleted leading to symptoms such as raised blood pressure and heart rate, and a compromised immune system.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) proposed by Selye in 1936 outlines the body's response to stress in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. This model has been influential in understanding the physiological impact of stress on the body.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592879,"front":"What is the physiological response to acute stress?","back":"The sympathomedullary pathway (SAM) deals with acute stress by activating the fight-or-flight response. A stressor is perceived, and the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This stimulates the release of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to effects such as raised heart rate, dilation of pupils, tension of muscles, and the conversion of glycogen to glucose.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The physiological response to acute stress involves the activation of the sympathomedullary pathway (SAM), which triggers the fight-or-flight response. This is initiated by the perception of a stressor, leading to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, resulting in various bodily changes such as increased heart rate, pupil dilation, muscle tension, and glucose conversion.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592880,"front":"How does the body respond to chronic stress?","back":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system deals with chronic stress. A stressor is perceived, and the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). This sends a message to the pituitary gland in the brain, causing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the bloodstream. This stimulates the release of the hormone cortisol, which provides long-term energy supplies but can also have a negative effect on the immune system.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chronic stress triggers the HPA axis, leading to the release of cortisol. While cortisol helps manage stress, prolonged exposure can weaken the immune system. This intricate system showcases the body's response to ongoing stressors and the potential consequences on overall health.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592881,"front":"What is the role of the hypothalamus in the stress response?","back":"The hypothalamus plays a key role in the stress response. In acute stress, it activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), leading to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. In chronic stress, it releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and subsequently cortisol.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The hypothalamus is crucial in coordinating the body's response to stress by initiating the release of hormones that help the body cope with different stressors. It acts as a control center, regulating both short-term and long-term stress reactions through the activation of various pathways.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592882,"front":"What is the 'negative feedback loop' in the HPA system?","back":"The 'negative feedback loop' in the HPA system is a self-regulating mechanism. Levels of cortisol are monitored by the brain, and if high levels are detected, the levels of CRF and ACTH are lowered, leading to a reduction in cortisol levels.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In the HPA system, the negative feedback loop helps maintain cortisol levels within a narrow range. This mechanism prevents excessive cortisol production by signaling the brain to decrease CRF and ACTH release when cortisol levels are elevated, ensuring balance in the system.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592883,"front":"How does the fight or flight response differ in females?","back":"The fight or flight response may be less applicable to females. This suggests that females may have a different physiological response to stress, although the exact nature of this difference is not specified in the content.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Females may exhibit a tend-and-befriend response to stress, emphasizing nurturing behaviors and seeking social support. This differs from the traditional fight or flight model and highlights the importance of social connections in coping with stress for women.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592884,"front":"Describe the 'tend and befriend' characteristic in females during times of stress.","back":"The 'tend and befriend' characteristic refers to the response of females during times of stress, where they tend to protect their offspring and form social alliances, rather than exhibiting the 'fight or flight' response.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"During stress, females often prioritize nurturing and forming social bonds to ensure protection and support for themselves and their offspring. This behavior is thought to be rooted in evolutionary advantages, emphasizing cooperation and caregiving over aggression or escape.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592885,"front":"How does chronic stress affect the immune system according to Kiecolt-Glaser et al's 1984 study?","back":"Chronic stress prevents the immune system from functioning properly, leading to an increased likelihood of illness. The study found that the activity of Natural Killer (NK) and killer T cells, which help fight infection, was lowered in medical students during high-stress periods.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chronic stress can disrupt the immune system by reducing the activity of crucial immune cells like Natural Killer (NK) and killer T cells. This impairment can make individuals more susceptible to illnesses due to the compromised ability to combat infections effectively.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592886,"front":"Define Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs).","back":"Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs) include any disorder of the heart or blood vessels, which includes strokes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs) encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. These disorders can lead to serious health complications, such as heart attacks and strokes. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial in addressing CVDs effectively.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592887,"front":"What was the conclusion of Wilbert-Lampen et al's 2008 study on the effects of short-term stress on CVDs?","back":"The study concluded that acute stress, such as watching an important football match, doubles the risk of a cardiovascular event.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The 2008 study by Wilbert-Lampen et al. found that short-term stress, like the excitement of watching a significant football match, can significantly increase the likelihood of experiencing a cardiovascular event. This highlights the impact of acute stress on cardiovascular health.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592888,"front":"What was the conclusion of Yusuf et al's 2004 study on the effects of long-term stress on CVDs?","back":"The study concluded that chronic stress contributes to the onset of, and severity of, Cardiovascular Disorders (CVDs).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chronic stress can have a significant impact on cardiovascular health by both triggering the development of cardiovascular disorders and exacerbating their severity. This highlights the importance of managing stress for overall heart health.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592889,"front":"What did Dharbhar's 2008 study on rats suggest about the impact of stress on the immune system?","back":"Dharbhar's study suggested that some forms of acute stress do not always have a negative impact on the immune system. In fact, mild stressors had a positive impact on the immune system in rats, as the body was prepared for physical damage.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study by Dharbhar in 2008 indicated that not all types of acute stress negatively affect the immune system in rats. Interestingly, mild stressors were found to have a beneficial effect by priming the body for potential physical harm, showcasing a nuanced relationship between stress and immune response.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592890,"front":"What did Pereira et al's 2003 study find about the impact of stress on HIV-positive women?","back":"Pereira et al found that HIV-positive women who experienced several stressful life events were more likely to develop pre-cancerous lesions in the cervix compared to those with fewer stressful life events.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592891,"front":"Define 'Sources of Stress' in the context of psychology.","back":"Sources of stress refers to what factors in the environment lead to a triggering of the stress response. These can be major life changes or minor daily hassles.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"In psychology, sources of stress encompass various external stimuli that can evoke a stress response. These stressors can range from significant life events to everyday challenges, impacting an individual's well-being and triggering physiological and psychological reactions. Understanding these sources is crucial in managing stress and promoting mental health.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592892,"front":"Describe the 'Social Readjustment Rating Scale' (SRRS) developed by Holmes and Rahe.","back":"The 'Social Readjustment Rating Scale' (SRRS) is a tool that assigns a score out of 100 (100 being most stressful) to a series of life events. It is used to assess the link between life changes and illness.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The SRRS highlights how various life events, such as marriage or job loss, can impact mental and physical health. By quantifying stress, it aids in understanding the cumulative effect of life changes, emphasizing the importance of coping mechanisms and support systems in managing stress-related health issues.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592897,"front":"How did Rahe et al (1970) investigate the link between life changes and illness?","back":"Rahe et al studied US navy personnel who completed an early version of the SRRS considering the 6 months before they went on a tour of duty. Illness was recorded for each participant during the tour of duty. The findings showed a positive correlation between life change unit scores and illness scores.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Rahe et al (1970) examined the relationship between life changes and illness by analyzing data from US navy personnel. They utilized the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to assess life changes and recorded illness occurrences during the tour of duty. Their results indicated a connection between higher life change unit scores and increased illness scores.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592906,"front":"What is the criticism of measures such as the SRRS in evaluating stress?","back":"Measures like the SRRS do not account for individual perceptions of events. For example, the death of a spouse may be more stressful if unexpected, compared to an expected death following a long illness. This weakens the validity of the life changes-stress link as individual differences are not considered.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The criticism of measures like the SRRS lies in their failure to consider individual interpretations and reactions to stressors. This oversight undermines the accuracy of linking life events to stress levels, as personal perspectives and circumstances greatly influence the impact of stressors.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592916,"front":"Define 'Daily Hassles' as a source of stress.","back":"Daily hassles are minor, fairly frequently-occurring events which cause frustration and stress. The effect of these is cumulative, as if lots of daily hassles are experienced at a similar time, the greater the likelihood of stress being experienced.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Daily hassles are common stressors that can accumulate over time, leading to increased feelings of frustration and tension. These minor yet frequent events can have a significant impact on an individual's overall stress levels, especially when experienced simultaneously. This cumulative effect highlights the importance of managing and addressing daily hassles to prevent excessive stress.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592925,"front":"What is the link between stress and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)?","back":"The evidence that stress causes CVDs is mixed. There is more evidence that people with existing CVDs are more affected by stress. Therefore, stress may be one of a number of factors contributing to CVDs.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Stress can exacerbate existing cardiovascular conditions due to its impact on the body's physiological responses. While direct causation is debated, managing stress is crucial for overall heart health. Multiple factors, including lifestyle and genetics, play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592930,"front":"What is the link between stress and weakened immune system functioning?","back":"Stress has been found to weaken immune system functioning, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Chronic stress can lead to the release of stress hormones like cortisol, which can suppress the immune system. This suppression can reduce the body's ability to fight off infections and illnesses, ultimately impacting overall health and well-being.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592934,"front":"Describe the 'primary appraisal' and 'secondary appraisal' process as suggested by Lazarus.","back":"'Primary appraisal' is when a person considers how threatening a daily hassle is to their well-being. If it is judged as threatening, the person then engages in 'secondary appraisal', considering if they can cope with it.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Lazarus proposed that individuals first assess the significance of a situation through primary appraisal, determining its potential impact. If deemed threatening, they proceed to secondary appraisal, evaluating their ability to manage or cope with the stressor. This two-step process influences emotional and behavioral responses.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592935,"front":"How did Kanner et al (1981) investigate the source of stress?","back":"Kanner et al (1981) had participants complete a 'Hassles Scale' of 117 items, indicating what hassles they experienced each month for 9 months. They also completed a measure similar to the SRRS to consider life changes experienced just before starting the study and 10 months into it. Finally, they completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, measuring how anxious and depressed they were.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Kanner et al. (1981) investigated stress sources by utilizing a comprehensive approach. They assessed daily hassles, major life changes, and psychological symptoms to gain a holistic understanding of stressors' impact. This multi-dimensional method provided a nuanced view of stress experiences.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592939,"front":"What were the findings of Kanner et al (1981) study on stress?","back":"The findings were that there were significant positive correlations between the amount of hassles experienced and measures of anxiety/depression, for both men and women. Hassles were more of a reliable predictor for signs of psychological illness than life events, suggesting hassles are a more significant source of stress.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Kanner et al (1981) found that daily hassles had a stronger impact on anxiety and depression compared to major life events. This highlights the importance of considering minor stressors in understanding psychological well-being. The study emphasized the role of daily hassles as a significant contributor to stress-related symptoms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592944,"front":"What are the limitations of research into daily hassles as a source of stress?","back":"The research often involves retrospective recall, for example keeping a diary of hassles experienced that day/yesterday/last week/last month. As hassles are minor events, they may be easily forgotten or misremembered. This questions the validity of the findings. Also, it is hard to establish a cause-effect link with hassles and stress, as research is correlational.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592947,"front":"How does Ivancevich (1986) support the link between daily hassles and stress?","back":"Ivancevich (1986) found that daily hassles were better predictors than life events for poor health, worse job performance, and more time off work. This supports the link between daily hassles and stress, and suggests that they are more significant than life changes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1592951,"front":"How does experiencing a major life event affect the impact of daily hassles?","back":"If a person is experiencing a major life event (or has done recently), this will amplify the effect of daily hassles. What were previously minor irritations that could be ignored become significant sources of stress.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Experiencing a major life event can heighten emotional sensitivity, making daily hassles more impactful. This heightened stress response can magnify the significance of minor irritations, leading to increased feelings of overwhelm and strain in coping with daily challenges.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"7UQLW","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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