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Introduction to Organic Chemistry

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards encompasses foundational concepts in organic chemistry, detailing the definitions and differences of hydrocarbons, molecular and empirical formulas, structural and displayed formulas, and various naming conventions for organic molecules. It covers aspects of homologous series, functional groups, isomerism, mechanisms, and intermolecular forces, providing a comprehensive tool for understanding organic compound structures and reactions.

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"How are functional group isomers defined?"	"Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups."
"What is the naming rule for ketones with five or more carbons in the chain?"	"Ketones with five or more carbons in the chain require a number to indicate the position of the double bond."
"Describe carboxylic acids."	"Carboxylic acids have the ending -oic acid and the acid group is always at the end of the chain. The numbering starts from the carboxylic acid end."
"What is a dioic acid?"	"A dioic acid is a carboxylic acid with carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the chain. It is named with -dioic acid and an -e is added to the stem."
"How are alcohols and carboxylic acids prioritized in naming?"	"Aldehydes have a higher priority than alcohols, so the -OH group in carboxylic acids uses the hydroxy prefix."
"Do aldehydes require an extra number for the C=O bond?"	"No, aldehydes do not require an extra number as the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain."
"Describe homolytic fission."	"Homolytic fission is a process in which each atom in a covalent bond receives one electron, resulting in the formation of two free radicals."
"Define free radicals."	"Free radicals are reactive species that possess an unpaired electron and do not have a charge."
"Explain heterolytic fission."	"Heterolytic fission is a process in which one atom in a covalent bond receives both electrons, resulting in the formation of ions."
"What is a mechanism in organic chemistry?"	"A mechanism is a detailed step-by-step explanation of how a reaction proceeds."
"How are curly arrows used in mechanisms?"	"Curly arrows are used in mechanisms to show the movement of electrons, either for the breaking or formation of a covalent bond."
"Describe the formation of a covalent bond in a mechanism."	"The formation of a covalent bond in a mechanism is shown by a curly arrow that starts from a lone electron pair or from another covalent bond."
"Describe structural isomers."	"Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures or structural formulae."
"What is chain isomerism?"	"Chain isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton."
"Define position isomers."	"Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton."
"Define ketones."	"Ketones have a C=O bond and their names end in -one."
"Give an example of a chain isomer."	"An example of a chain isomer is 2-methylbutane."
"Describe functional group isomerism."	"Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups."
"What is stereoisomerism?"	"Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism where compounds have the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms."
"Describe E-Z stereoisomerism."	"E-Z stereoisomerism occurs when there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond and there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond."
"How can E-Z isomerism be represented in skeletal formulae?"	"E-Z isomerism can be represented in skeletal formulae by showing the lack of rotation around the double bonds, meaning one isomer cannot be switched to the other."
"How are E-Z stereoisomers named?"	"E-Z stereoisomers are named based on the priority groups on both sides of the double bond. The atom with the higher atomic number is classified as the priority atom, and if it is on the same side of the double bond, it is labeled Z. If it is on the opposite side, it is labeled E."
"Describe the effect of EZ stereoisomerism on melting and boiling points."	"EZ stereoisomers can have differing melting and boiling points."
"Define polar and non-polar molecules."	"Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, while non-polar molecules have an even distribution of charge."
"What are the intermolecular forces present in Z-1,2-dichloroethene?"	"Z-1,2-dichloroethene exhibits both van der Waals and permanent dipole-dipole attractions."
"What is the prefix used for halogenoalkanes?"	"The prefix used for halogenoalkanes is chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-."
"Define saturated hydrocarbon."	"A hydrocarbon that contains single carbon-carbon bonds only."
"What is the difference between a molecular formula and an empirical formula?"	"A molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a compound, while an empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound."
"How is a structural formula different from a displayed formula?"	"A structural formula shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, while a displayed formula shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule."
"Do all carbon atoms in saturated hydrocarbons have tetrahedral shape?"	"Yes, the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons is tetrahedral."
"Describe what a skeletal formula represents."	"A skeletal formula shows the simplified organic formula by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups."
"Define cyclohexane."	"Cyclohexane is a hydrocarbon with a six-membered carbon ring structure."
"What is the general formula for a homologous series?"	"The general formula for a homologous series is an algebraic formula that represents the relationship between different compounds in the series. For example, the general formula for an alkane series is CnH2n."
"Describe what a homologous series is."	"A homologous series is a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group and the same general formula."
"What is the general trend in physical properties within a homologous series?"	"The physical properties, such as boiling point, of compounds in a homologous series show a gradual change."
"How do members of a homologous series differ from each other?"	"Each member of a homologous series differs from the previous one by CH2."
"Define functional group."	"A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties."
"What is an example of an alkane in a homologous series?"	"An example of an alkane in a homologous series is butane."
"Describe the naming convention for alcohols."	"Alcohols have the suffix -ol as their naming convention."
"Describe what a hydrocarbon is."	"A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only."
"Define carboxylic acids."	"Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH)."
"Describe the general rules for naming carbon chains."	"Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately. Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain. Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain."
"What is the naming rule for functional groups starting with a vowel?"	"When using a suffix, remove the -e from the stem alkane name."
"How is the position of the functional group on the carbon chain indicated?"	"The position is given by a number, counting from the end of the molecule that gives the functional group the lowest number."
"Define the term 'di-' in the context of functional group naming."	"Di- is used when there are two of the same functional group."
"Do functional groups take precedence over branched chains in giving the lowest number?"	"Yes, functional groups take precedence over branched chains in giving the lowest number."
"Describe the structure of alkenes."	"Alkenes have a double bond between two carbon atoms."
"What is the naming convention for alkenes with a double bond between carbon atoms C2 and C3?"	"The name for this alkene is But-2-ene."
"How can the type of stereoisomer in alkenes be indicated in the name?"	"The name may include E or Z at the start to show the type of stereoisomer."
"Define diene and triene in the context of alkenes."	"Diene and triene are suffixes used when there are two or more double bonds present in an alkene."
"Describe the priority order of functional groups in the naming of alkenes."	"The alcohol and carboxylic acid groups have higher priority than the alkene group, so they take precedence in numbering."
"Describe aldehydes."	"Aldehydes have a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain and their names end in -al."
"How are aldehydes with two aldehyde groups named?"	"Aldehydes with two aldehyde groups are named using di- before -al and an -e is added to the stem."

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How are functional group isomers defined?

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Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

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[{"id":978640,"front":"How are functional group isomers defined?","back":"Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Functional group isomers are defined as compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms, resulting in different functional groups. This means that while the number and types of atoms are the same, the way they are connected and the functional groups present are different. This can lead to variations in the chemical properties and reactivity of the compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978617,"front":"What is the naming rule for ketones with five or more carbons in the chain?","back":"Ketones with five or more carbons in the chain require a number to indicate the position of the double bond.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":1,"explanation":"Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O). When the ketone has five or more carbons in the chain, a number is needed to indicate the position of the double bond. This is because there can be multiple possible locations for the carbonyl group in longer carbon chains. The number indicates the carbon atom where the carbonyl group is attached. This numbering system helps to accurately name and identify different ketones with longer carbon chains.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978618,"front":"Describe carboxylic acids.","back":"Carboxylic acids have the ending -oic acid and the acid group is always at the end of the chain. The numbering starts from the carboxylic acid end.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":2,"explanation":"Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end of a carbon chain. The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (OH). The name of a carboxylic acid ends with -oic acid, indicating the presence of the carboxyl group. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the carboxylic acid end, with the carbon of the carboxyl group being carbon 1. Carboxylic acids are commonly found in nature and have various applications in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and polymers.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978621,"front":"What is a dioic acid?","back":"A dioic acid is a carboxylic acid with carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the chain. It is named with -dioic acid and an -e is added to the stem.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":3,"explanation":"Dioic acids are important in organic chemistry due to their ability to form polymers and their role in biological processes. They are used in the production of polymers, such as nylon, and are also found in various natural products, including certain types of fatty acids.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978623,"front":"How are alcohols and carboxylic acids prioritized in naming?","back":"Aldehydes have a higher priority than alcohols, so the -OH group in carboxylic acids uses the hydroxy prefix.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":4,"explanation":"Aldehydes are prioritized over alcohols in naming, so the -OH group in carboxylic acids is named using the hydroxy prefix. This is due to the priority sequence set by the IUPAC naming rules, which considers the functional groups present in the compound.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978626,"front":"Do aldehydes require an extra number for the C=O bond?","back":"No, aldehydes do not require an extra number as the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":5,"explanation":"Aldehydes do not require an extra number for the C=O bond because the C=O bond is always located on the first carbon of the chain. This is a characteristic feature of aldehydes, distinguishing them from other functional groups. The position of the C=O bond is important in determining the chemical properties and reactivity of aldehydes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978628,"front":"Describe homolytic fission.","back":"Homolytic fission is a process in which each atom in a covalent bond receives one electron, resulting in the formation of two free radicals.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":6,"explanation":"Homolytic fission involves the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that each atom retains one electron, leading to the formation of two free radicals. This process is important in organic chemistry and radical reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978629,"front":"Define free radicals.","back":"Free radicals are reactive species that possess an unpaired electron and do not have a charge.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":7,"explanation":"Free radicals are highly reactive molecules due to the presence of an unpaired electron. This unpaired electron makes them unstable and eager to react with other molecules in order to gain stability. Free radicals can be generated through various processes, such as metabolism or exposure to environmental factors like pollution or radiation. They play a role in various biological processes and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the body. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent damage to cells and tissues.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978630,"front":"Explain heterolytic fission.","back":"Heterolytic fission is a process in which one atom in a covalent bond receives both electrons, resulting in the formation of ions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":8,"explanation":"Heterolytic fission occurs in covalent bonds when one atom takes both shared electrons, leading to the formation of ions with opposite charges. This process is commonly observed in organic chemistry reactions and is essential for understanding reaction mechanisms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978632,"front":"What is a mechanism in organic chemistry?","back":"A mechanism is a detailed step-by-step explanation of how a reaction proceeds.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":9,"explanation":"A mechanism in organic chemistry is crucial for understanding how and why a reaction occurs. It provides insight into the sequence of bond-breaking and bond-forming steps, as well as the intermediates involved. This understanding is essential for predicting and controlling chemical reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978633,"front":"How are curly arrows used in mechanisms?","back":"Curly arrows are used in mechanisms to show the movement of electrons, either for the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":10,"explanation":"Curly arrows are essential in mechanisms as they visually represent the flow of electrons during chemical reactions. They help illustrate the breaking and formation of covalent bonds, providing a clear understanding of electron movement in organic chemistry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978634,"front":"Describe the formation of a covalent bond in a mechanism.","back":"The formation of a covalent bond in a mechanism is shown by a curly arrow that starts from a lone electron pair or from another covalent bond.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":11,"explanation":"In a covalent bond formation, a curly arrow is used to represent the movement of electrons. This arrow can originate from a lone electron pair or from another covalent bond. The arrow indicates the direction of electron movement, showing how electrons are shared between atoms to form a stable bond. This mechanism allows atoms to achieve a full outer electron shell, resulting in a more stable configuration.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978636,"front":"Describe structural isomers.","back":"Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures or structural formulae.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":12,"explanation":"Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms within the molecule. This results in distinct structural formulae and different chemical and physical properties. Isomerism arises from variations in the bonding and connectivity of atoms.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978638,"front":"What is chain isomerism?","back":"Chain isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":13,"explanation":"Chain isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their carbon skeleton. This means that the atoms are connected in a different order, resulting in distinct structural isomers. Chain isomerism is important in organic chemistry as it can affect the physical and chemical properties of compounds, such as boiling points and reactivity. It is one of the ways in which organic molecules can exhibit diversity and complexity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978639,"front":"Define position isomers.","back":"Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":14,"explanation":"Position isomers are a type of isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their functional groups on the carbon skeleton. This means that the same functional group is attached to different positions on the molecule. This can result in different chemical and physical properties of the compounds. Position isomers are important in organic chemistry as they can have different reactivities and biological activities.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978615,"front":"Define ketones.","back":"Ketones have a C=O bond and their names end in -one.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":15,"explanation":"Ketones are organic compounds characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. The suffix \"-one\" in their names indicates the presence of this functional group. Ketones play essential roles in various biological processes and are commonly found in both natural and synthetic compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978642,"front":"Give an example of a chain isomer.","back":"An example of a chain isomer is 2-methylbutane.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":16,"explanation":"A chain isomer is a type of structural isomer where the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule differs. In the case of 2-methylbutane, it is a chain isomer because it has the same molecular formula as butane, but the carbon atoms are arranged differently. This is due to the presence of a methyl group attached to the second carbon atom in the chain.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978644,"front":"Describe functional group isomerism.","back":"Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":17,"explanation":"Functional group isomerism refers to the phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement or type of functional groups. Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine the chemical properties and reactivity of a compound. Isomers with different functional groups exhibit distinct chemical behaviors and may have different physical properties. This type of isomerism is important in organic chemistry as it can greatly impact the behavior and function of molecules in various chemical reactions and biological processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978649,"front":"What is stereoisomerism?","back":"Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism where compounds have the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":18,"explanation":"Stereoisomerism arises from the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules, leading to distinct three-dimensional shapes. This phenomenon is crucial in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry, as even subtle differences in spatial arrangement can significantly impact a molecule's properties and interactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978652,"front":"Describe E-Z stereoisomerism.","back":"E-Z stereoisomerism occurs when there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond and there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":19,"explanation":"E-Z stereoisomerism arises due to the limited rotation around a carbon-carbon double bond, leading to two distinct groups or atoms being attached to each end of the bond. This results in the formation of geometric isomers with different spatial arrangements.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978660,"front":"How can E-Z isomerism be represented in skeletal formulae?","back":"E-Z isomerism can be represented in skeletal formulae by showing the lack of rotation around the double bonds, meaning one isomer cannot be switched to the other.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":20,"explanation":"E-Z isomerism refers to the different spatial arrangements of substituents around a double bond. In skeletal formulae, this can be represented by showing the double bond and the substituents attached to it. The lack of rotation around the double bond indicates that the substituents are fixed in their positions, and one isomer cannot be interconverted into the other by simple rotation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978662,"front":"How are E-Z stereoisomers named?","back":"E-Z stereoisomers are named based on the priority groups on both sides of the double bond. The atom with the higher atomic number is classified as the priority atom, and if it is on the same side of the double bond, it is labeled Z. If it is on the opposite side, it is labeled E.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":21,"explanation":"E-Z stereoisomer nomenclature follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules. These rules assign priorities to substituents based on atomic number. The Z configuration indicates the higher priority groups are on the same side, while E indicates they are on opposite sides of the double bond.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978665,"front":"Describe the effect of EZ stereoisomerism on melting and boiling points.","back":"EZ stereoisomers can have differing melting and boiling points.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":22,"explanation":"EZ stereoisomerism can impact the spatial arrangement of molecules, affecting intermolecular forces. This can lead to variations in melting and boiling points due to differences in molecular interactions and energy required for phase transitions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978667,"front":"Define polar and non-polar molecules.","back":"Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, while non-polar molecules have an even distribution of charge.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":23,"explanation":"Polar molecules have a separation of electric charge, creating positive and negative poles, while non-polar molecules have a balanced distribution of charge. This distinction arises from differences in electronegativity and molecular symmetry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978674,"front":"What are the intermolecular forces present in Z-1,2-dichloroethene?","back":"Z-1,2-dichloroethene exhibits both van der Waals and permanent dipole-dipole attractions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":24,"explanation":"Z-1,2-dichloroethene is a molecule with two chlorine atoms attached to a carbon-carbon double bond. The presence of the chlorine atoms creates a permanent dipole moment, resulting in dipole-dipole attractions between molecules. Additionally, the molecule experiences van der Waals forces, which are weak attractions between temporary dipoles. These intermolecular forces play a role in determining the physical properties and behavior of Z-1,2-dichloroethene.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978585,"front":"What is the prefix used for halogenoalkanes?","back":"The prefix used for halogenoalkanes is chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":25,"explanation":"The prefix used for halogenoalkanes indicates the type of halogen present in the compound. Chloro- is used for compounds containing chlorine, bromo- for compounds containing bromine, and iodo- for compounds containing iodine. These prefixes help to identify and differentiate between different halogenoalkanes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978546,"front":"Define saturated hydrocarbon.","back":"A hydrocarbon that contains single carbon-carbon bonds only.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":26,"explanation":"Saturated hydrocarbons are also known as alkanes. They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom, resulting in single carbon-carbon bonds. This structure makes them relatively stable and unreactive compared to unsaturated hydrocarbons.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978550,"front":"What is the difference between a molecular formula and an empirical formula?","back":"A molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a compound, while an empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":27,"explanation":"A molecular formula provides the specific number of each type of atom in a compound, giving the exact composition. In contrast, an empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound, providing a simplified representation. This distinction allows for a more precise understanding of the compound's structure and composition.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978554,"front":"How is a structural formula different from a displayed formula?","back":"A structural formula shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, while a displayed formula shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":28,"explanation":"A structural formula simplifies the arrangement of atoms, focusing on connectivity. Displayed formulas provide a detailed view of all bonds and atoms in a molecule. Structural formulas are more concise, while displayed formulas offer a comprehensive representation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978556,"front":"Do all carbon atoms in saturated hydrocarbons have tetrahedral shape?","back":"Yes, the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons is tetrahedral.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":29,"explanation":"Yes, in saturated hydrocarbons, each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds, resulting in a tetrahedral shape. This is due to the sp3 hybridization of the carbon atom, which allows for the formation of four equivalent bonds in a tetrahedral arrangement.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978558,"front":"Describe what a skeletal formula represents.","back":"A skeletal formula shows the simplified organic formula by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":30,"explanation":"A skeletal formula is a simplified representation of an organic molecule. It focuses on the carbon skeleton and functional groups, omitting hydrogen atoms. This allows for a clearer visualization of the molecule's structure and helps in understanding its chemical properties and reactions. By removing the hydrogen atoms, the skeletal formula provides a concise and efficient way to represent complex organic molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978564,"front":"Define cyclohexane.","back":"Cyclohexane is a hydrocarbon with a six-membered carbon ring structure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":31,"explanation":"Cyclohexane is a key component in organic chemistry and is commonly used as a nonpolar solvent. Its structure allows for flexibility and stability, making it a versatile compound in various chemical reactions and industrial processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978567,"front":"What is the general formula for a homologous series?","back":"The general formula for a homologous series is an algebraic formula that represents the relationship between different compounds in the series. For example, the general formula for an alkane series is CnH2n.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":32,"explanation":"Homologous series share similar chemical properties due to the same functional group and a consistent difference in molecular structure. The general formula helps predict properties and behavior of compounds within the series. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are common examples with distinct general formulas.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978570,"front":"Describe what a homologous series is.","back":"A homologous series is a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group and the same general formula.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":33,"explanation":"Homologous series share similar chemical properties due to having the same functional group. The general formula allows for a predictable pattern in the compounds' structures and properties. This structural similarity aids in understanding and predicting the behavior of these compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978573,"front":"What is the general trend in physical properties within a homologous series?","back":"The physical properties, such as boiling point, of compounds in a homologous series show a gradual change.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":34,"explanation":"Physical properties within a homologous series exhibit a consistent pattern due to the incremental increase in molecular size and mass. This leads to variations in factors like boiling point, as intermolecular forces are influenced by these structural changes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978575,"front":"How do members of a homologous series differ from each other?","back":"Each member of a homologous series differs from the previous one by CH2.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":35,"explanation":"Members of a homologous series differ from each other by a repeating unit of CH2. This consistent difference in molecular structure gives rise to similar chemical properties and trends in physical properties within the series.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978577,"front":"Define functional group.","back":"A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":36,"explanation":"Functional groups are crucial in organic chemistry as they dictate how a molecule will react with other substances. They are responsible for the characteristic chemical behavior of organic compounds, making them essential for understanding and predicting chemical reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978581,"front":"What is an example of an alkane in a homologous series?","back":"An example of an alkane in a homologous series is butane.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":37,"explanation":"Butane is a member of the alkane homologous series, characterized by single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms. Each member of the series differs by a CH2 unit.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978583,"front":"Describe the naming convention for alcohols.","back":"Alcohols have the suffix -ol as their naming convention.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":38,"explanation":"The naming convention for alcohols involves adding the suffix -ol to the root name of the corresponding hydrocarbon. This suffix indicates the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group in the molecule, which is a characteristic feature of alcohols.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978545,"front":"Describe what a hydrocarbon is.","back":"A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":39,"explanation":"Hydrocarbons are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. This molecular structure gives them unique properties, making them essential in various industries such as energy, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Their simple composition allows for diverse chemical reactions and applications.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978588,"front":"Define carboxylic acids.","back":"Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":40,"explanation":"Carboxylic acids are commonly found in nature and play essential roles in biological processes. They are known for their acidic properties due to the presence of the carboxyl group, making them important in various chemical reactions and as building blocks for many organic compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978592,"front":"Describe the general rules for naming carbon chains.","back":"Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately. Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain. Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":41,"explanation":"The rules for naming carbon chains involve identifying the longest continuous chain as the parent chain and naming it based on the number of carbons. Branches are then located, named, and assigned a prefix indicating the number of carbons in each branch. This systematic approach ensures clarity and specificity in organic compound nomenclature.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978595,"front":"What is the naming rule for functional groups starting with a vowel?","back":"When using a suffix, remove the -e from the stem alkane name.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":42,"explanation":"Functional groups starting with a vowel follow a specific naming rule to maintain pronunciation ease and consistency in organic chemistry nomenclature. This rule simplifies naming by adjusting the stem alkane name when adding a suffix, ensuring clarity and uniformity in naming conventions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978596,"front":"How is the position of the functional group on the carbon chain indicated?","back":"The position is given by a number, counting from the end of the molecule that gives the functional group the lowest number.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":43,"explanation":"Functional groups are named based on their position in the carbon chain to maintain consistency in nomenclature. Numbering starts from the end that gives the functional group the lowest number to simplify naming and ensure clarity in communication within the field of organic chemistry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978597,"front":"Define the term 'di-' in the context of functional group naming.","back":"Di- is used when there are two of the same functional group.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":44,"explanation":"In organic chemistry nomenclature, the prefix \"di-\" indicates the presence of two identical functional groups within a molecule. This prefix helps to specify the exact number of repeating functional groups present, aiding in clear and precise chemical communication.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978600,"front":"Do functional groups take precedence over branched chains in giving the lowest number?","back":"Yes, functional groups take precedence over branched chains in giving the lowest number.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":45,"explanation":"Functional groups take precedence over branched chains in numbering because they are more chemically significant. This numbering convention helps prioritize the functional group's location in the molecule, aiding in clear communication and understanding in organic chemistry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978601,"front":"Describe the structure of alkenes.","back":"Alkenes have a double bond between two carbon atoms.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":46,"explanation":"Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between carbon atoms. This double bond consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond, allowing for rotation around the sigma bond but not the pi bond. Alkenes can exhibit geometric isomerism due to restricted rotation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978603,"front":"What is the naming convention for alkenes with a double bond between carbon atoms C2 and C3?","back":"The name for this alkene is But-2-ene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":47,"explanation":"The naming convention for alkenes involves identifying the longest carbon chain containing the double bond. Numbering starts at the end closest to the double bond, ensuring the double bond carbons have the lowest numbers. In this case, the double bond is between the second and third carbons in a butane chain, hence But-2-ene.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978605,"front":"How can the type of stereoisomer in alkenes be indicated in the name?","back":"The name may include E or Z at the start to show the type of stereoisomer.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":48,"explanation":"E and Z are used to denote the stereochemistry of alkenes based on the priority of substituents on each carbon of the double bond. E (entgegen) indicates trans configuration, while Z (zusammen) indicates cis configuration. This nomenclature helps convey spatial arrangement in organic molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978606,"front":"Define diene and triene in the context of alkenes.","back":"Diene and triene are suffixes used when there are two or more double bonds present in an alkene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":49,"explanation":"The terms \"diene\" and \"triene\" are used to indicate the number of double bonds present in an alkene. \"Diene\" is used when there are two double bonds, while \"triene\" is used when there are three double bonds. These suffixes help in specifying the structure and properties of the compound based on the number of double bonds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978608,"front":"Describe the priority order of functional groups in the naming of alkenes.","back":"The alcohol and carboxylic acid groups have higher priority than the alkene group, so they take precedence in numbering.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":50,"explanation":"In the naming of alkenes, functional groups like alcohol and carboxylic acid take priority over the alkene group. This is because the presence of these functional groups can significantly alter the chemical properties and reactivity of the compound, thus necessitating their higher priority in naming and numbering.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978611,"front":"Describe aldehydes.","back":"Aldehydes have a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain and their names end in -al.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":51,"explanation":"Aldehydes are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) located at the end of a carbon chain. The suffix \"-al\" in their names indicates the presence of this functional group. Aldehydes are commonly found in various natural and synthetic substances.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978613,"front":"How are aldehydes with two aldehyde groups named?","back":"Aldehydes with two aldehyde groups are named using di- before -al and an -e is added to the stem.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":52,"explanation":"Aldehydes with two aldehyde groups are named using the prefix di- before -al and an -e is added to the stem. This naming convention is used to indicate the presence of two aldehyde functional groups in the compound, providing a clear and systematic way to denote its structure.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"6AH2g","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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