Coding Capacity & Duration of MemoryFlashcards - AQA Psychology

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Coding Capacity & Duration of Memory

A-Level AQA Psychology

This pack of flashcards encompasses key concepts in memory psychology, focusing on the characteristics and processes of short-term and long-term memory. It covers the coding, capacity, and duration of memories, providing insights from seminal research studies and models, such as Baddeley's 1966 research, Miller's 1956 findings, and the Multi-Store Model of Memory. Additionally, it includes the practical implications and potential weaknesses of these memory studies.

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"Describe the concept of 'Coding' in the context of memory."	"Coding refers to how the memory is stored."
"Define 'Capacity' in relation to memory."	"Capacity refers to how much information can be stored in memory."
"Explain the term 'Duration' in the context of memory."	"Duration refers to how long the memory lasts before it decays or disappears."
"What did Baddeley's 1966 research suggest about the coding of short-term and long-term memory?"	"Baddeley's research suggested that information in short-term memory is coded according to sound, as participants did worse with acoustically similar words. For long-term memory, they did worse with semantically similar words, suggesting that information in long-term memory is coded according to meaning."
"What is the digit-span technique developed by Jacobs in 1887?"	"The digit-span technique involves a participant having to immediately recall a sequence of letters or numbers which increased by one letter or number with each trial."
"What did Miller's 1956 research conclude about the capacity of short-term memory?"	"Miller concluded that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 'bits' of information. He also noted that people can increase this capacity by 'chunking' information together."
"What is the estimated capacity of long-term memory?"	"The capacity of long-term memory is thought to be potentially unlimited."
"Describe the method used to test the duration of Short Term Memory (STM) in the given study."	"In the study, participants were given a nonsense 'trigram' of three syllables, along with a three-digit number. They were asked to count backwards in threes from the number until told to stop after either 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds. After the interval, they had to recall the trigram. The accuracy of recall was used to determine the duration of STM."
"What was the conclusion about the duration of Long Term Memory (LTM) based on Bahrick's study?"	"The conclusion was that the duration of LTM is potentially lifelong. This was based on the observation that participants who had left school decades earlier were still 70% accurate in recognizing schoolmates from their high school yearbook."
"Define 'external validity' in the context of memory studies."	"'External validity' refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. In the context of memory studies, a study with high external validity accurately reflects how memory works in everyday life."
"How does the Sensory Register function in the Multi-Store Model of Memory?"	"In the Multi-Store Model of Memory, the Sensory Register is where sensory stimuli from the environment is stored. It only lasts for a fraction of a second unless attention is paid to it."
"What is a potential weakness of studies that use artificial and meaningless stimuli to study memory?"	"A potential weakness of such studies is that they do not reflect how memory works in everyday life, so they lack external validity. This means the results may not be applicable to real-world situations."
"Why might the validity of Jacobs's study be in question?"	"Jacobs's study might be in question because it was conducted a long time ago, and may not have been done to the same scientifically rigorous standard as research today. This could potentially affect the validity of the findings."
"Describe the capacity and duration of the sensory memory store."	"The capacity for the sensory memory store is quite large, but the duration is very short."
"How is information coded in Short-term memory (STM) and what is its capacity and duration?"	"In STM, information is coded acoustically, and there is a capacity of around 7 chunks of information. The duration is around 30 seconds unless the information is rehearsed."
"Define Long-term memory (LTM) and explain how information is coded in it."	"LTM is a type of memory where information is rehearsed for a longer period of time. Information is coded semantically (according to meaning) in LTM."
"What is the capacity and duration of Long-term memory (LTM)?"	"LTM has a potentially unlimited capacity, and a lifelong duration."
"How does the case of KF weaken the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?"	"KF, who suffered from amnesia, was able to recall visual information without difficulty, but had problems recalling verbally presented information. This suggests there is more than one type of STM store, so the MSM is too simplistic."
"How does the case of HM support the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?"	"HM underwent an operation to remove his hippocampus in an attempt to relieve symptoms of epilepsy. Afterwards, his STM seemed unaffected, but he was unable to make new long-term memories. His LTM from before the procedure was intact. This suggests that the link between STM and LTM had been broken, supporting the assumptions of the MSM."

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Describe the concept of 'Coding' in the context of memory.

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Coding refers to how the memory is stored.

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This coding process allows the memory system to efficiently store and retrieve information when needed.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333110,"front":"Define 'Capacity' in relation to memory.","back":"Capacity refers to how much information can be stored in memory.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Capacity in relation to memory is the measure of how much data or information a memory storage system can hold. It is typically expressed in terms of bytes or bits and is a crucial factor in determining the capability and performance of a memory system.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333111,"front":"Explain the term 'Duration' in the context of memory.","back":"Duration refers to how long the memory lasts before it decays or disappears.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Duration in the context of memory refers to the length of time that a memory remains intact before it fades or is forgotten. It is a measure of how long information can be retained in the memory system. The duration of a memory can vary depending on factors such as the strength of the memory, the level of encoding, and the amount of interference or decay that occurs over time.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333112,"front":"What did Baddeley's 1966 research suggest about the coding of short-term and long-term memory?","back":"Baddeley's research suggested that information in short-term memory is coded according to sound, as participants did worse with acoustically similar words. For long-term memory, they did worse with semantically similar words, suggesting that information in long-term memory is coded according to meaning.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Baddeley's 1966 research indicated that the coding of information in short-term memory is based on sound, as evidenced by participants' difficulty with acoustically similar words. In contrast, long-term memory appears to be coded according to meaning, as shown by participants' struggle with semantically similar words.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333113,"front":"What is the digit-span technique developed by Jacobs in 1887?","back":"The digit-span technique involves a participant having to immediately recall a sequence of letters or numbers which increased by one letter or number with each trial.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The digit-span technique, developed by Jacobs in 1887, is a widely used method to measure short-term memory capacity. It assesses the maximum number of digits a person can repeat back in the correct order. This technique is valuable in understanding individual differences in memory capacity and cognitive functioning.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333114,"front":"What did Miller's 1956 research conclude about the capacity of short-term memory?","back":"Miller concluded that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 'bits' of information. He also noted that people can increase this capacity by 'chunking' information together.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Miller's 1956 research on short-term memory concluded that it has a limited capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 'bits' of information. He also highlighted the concept of 'chunking' to increase this capacity by grouping information together. This finding has had a significant impact on our understanding of cognitive processes and memory.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333115,"front":"What is the estimated capacity of long-term memory?","back":"The capacity of long-term memory is thought to be potentially unlimited.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Long-term memory is believed to have an extensive capacity due to its ability to store a vast amount of information over a lifetime. This is supported by evidence of individuals recalling a wide range of experiences and knowledge accumulated over many years.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333129,"front":"Describe the method used to test the duration of Short Term Memory (STM) in the given study.","back":"In the study, participants were given a nonsense 'trigram' of three syllables, along with a three-digit number. They were asked to count backwards in threes from the number until told to stop after either 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds. After the interval, they had to recall the trigram. The accuracy of recall was used to determine the duration of STM.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The study tested STM duration by using a trigram and a three-digit number. Participants counted backwards from the number for specific time intervals before recalling the trigram. The accuracy of recall determined STM duration. This method assesses the duration of STM through a controlled cognitive task.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333137,"front":"What was the conclusion about the duration of Long Term Memory (LTM) based on Bahrick's study?","back":"The conclusion was that the duration of LTM is potentially lifelong. This was based on the observation that participants who had left school decades earlier were still 70% accurate in recognizing schoolmates from their high school yearbook.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Bahrick's study concluded that the duration of Long Term Memory (LTM) is potentially lifelong. This was based on the observation that participants who had left school decades earlier were still 70% accurate in recognizing schoolmates from their high school yearbook. This suggests that LTM has a long-lasting capacity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333138,"front":"Define 'external validity' in the context of memory studies.","back":"'External validity' refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. In the context of memory studies, a study with high external validity accurately reflects how memory works in everyday life.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"External validity in the context of memory studies refers to the ability to generalize the findings of a study to real-world situations and individuals. It ensures that the study accurately represents how memory functions in everyday life. High external validity is crucial for drawing meaningful conclusions and applying the findings to broader populations and settings.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333139,"front":"How does the Sensory Register function in the Multi-Store Model of Memory?","back":"In the Multi-Store Model of Memory, the Sensory Register is where sensory stimuli from the environment is stored. It only lasts for a fraction of a second unless attention is paid to it.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The Sensory Register in the Multi-Store Model briefly holds sensory information before it decays. It acts as a gateway, filtering vast amounts of sensory input, allowing only attended information to move to the next memory stage for further processing. This initial storage process is crucial for memory formation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333140,"front":"What is a potential weakness of studies that use artificial and meaningless stimuli to study memory?","back":"A potential weakness of such studies is that they do not reflect how memory works in everyday life, so they lack external validity. This means the results may not be applicable to real-world situations.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Studies using artificial stimuli may overlook the complexities of real-life memory processes. This limitation can hinder the generalization of findings to practical scenarios, impacting the real-world relevance of the study outcomes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333141,"front":"Why might the validity of Jacobs's study be in question?","back":"Jacobs's study might be in question because it was conducted a long time ago, and may not have been done to the same scientifically rigorous standard as research today. This could potentially affect the validity of the findings.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The validity of Jacobs's study could be in question due to potential limitations in research methodologies and standards prevalent at the time of the study. Changes in scientific rigor over time may impact the reliability and generalizability of the findings, raising concerns about validity.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333142,"front":"Describe the capacity and duration of the sensory memory store.","back":"The capacity for the sensory memory store is quite large, but the duration is very short.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Sensory memory has a large capacity due to its ability to take in a vast amount of sensory information at once. However, its duration is very brief, typically lasting only a fraction of a second. This allows for quick processing of incoming sensory stimuli.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333143,"front":"How is information coded in Short-term memory (STM) and what is its capacity and duration?","back":"In STM, information is coded acoustically, and there is a capacity of around 7 chunks of information. The duration is around 30 seconds unless the information is rehearsed.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Short-term memory relies on acoustic coding, which means we often remember sounds or verbal information. The capacity of about 7 chunks aligns with Miller's Law, suggesting a limit to how much we can hold at once. The brief duration emphasizes the need for rehearsal to transfer information to long-term memory.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333144,"front":"Define Long-term memory (LTM) and explain how information is coded in it.","back":"LTM is a type of memory where information is rehearsed for a longer period of time. Information is coded semantically (according to meaning) in LTM.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Long-term memory (LTM) stores information for extended periods by encoding it based on meaning, allowing for easier retrieval. Semantic coding in LTM involves associating new information with existing knowledge, aiding in comprehension and retention.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333145,"front":"What is the capacity and duration of Long-term memory (LTM)?","back":"LTM has a potentially unlimited capacity, and a lifelong duration.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Long-term memory (LTM) has an extensive capacity due to its potentially unlimited storage capabilities. Additionally, information stored in long-term memory can last a lifetime, allowing for the retention of memories and knowledge over extended periods.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333146,"front":"How does the case of KF weaken the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?","back":"KF, who suffered from amnesia, was able to recall visual information without difficulty, but had problems recalling verbally presented information. This suggests there is more than one type of STM store, so the MSM is too simplistic.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"KF's case challenges the MSM by indicating separate STM stores for visual and verbal information processing. This complexity contradicts the model's basic premise of a unitary short-term memory store. The specificity of KF's memory deficits highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of memory systems.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":1333147,"front":"How does the case of HM support the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?","back":"HM underwent an operation to remove his hippocampus in an attempt to relieve symptoms of epilepsy. Afterwards, his STM seemed unaffected, but he was unable to make new long-term memories. His LTM from before the procedure was intact. This suggests that the link between STM and LTM had been broken, supporting the assumptions of the MSM.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The case of HM aligns with the Multi-Store Model by showcasing a clear dissociation between short-term and long-term memory following hippocampal damage. This supports the model's premise of separate memory stores and the role of the hippocampus in transferring memories from STM to LTM.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"3Ie47","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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