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Aldehydes and Ketones

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards covers the chemistry of carbonyls, differentiating between aldehydes and ketones, their solubility, reactions, and tests like Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent. It includes the oxidation of alcohols, reduction of carbonyls, nucleophilic addition mechanisms, and the use of catalytic hydrogenation and hydrogen cyanide addition, complete with conditions and observations.

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"What are carbonyls?"	"Compounds with a C=O bond, can be aldehydes or ketones."
"Describe the difference between aldehydes and ketones."	"Aldehydes have the C=O bond at the end of the chain with an H attached, while ketones have the C=O bond in the middle of the chain."
"How do smaller carbonyls behave in water?"	"They are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water."
"What is the difference between the C=O bond in carbonyls and the C=C bond in alkenes?"	"The C=O bond is stronger and does not undergo addition reactions easily, while the C=C bond in alkenes attracts electrophiles."
"Describe the oxidation of aldehydes."	"Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid under reflux."
"What are Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent used for?"	"They are used as tests for the presence of aldehyde groups."
"Define primary alcohol."	"An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is only bonded to one other carbon atom."
"What happens when alcohols are oxidized?"	"Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones, and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized."
"Describe the intermolecular forces in carbonyls."	"Carbonyls cannot hydrogen bond to themselves, but are attracted by permanent dipole forces."
"Describe Tollens' Reagent."	"Tollens' Reagent is formed by mixing aqueous ammonia and silver nitrate. It is used to test for aldehydes."
"What is the observation when Tollens' Reagent reacts with aldehydes?"	"With aldehydes, a silver mirror forms coating the inside of the test tube."
"What is Fehling's solution used for?"	"Fehling's solution is used to test for aldehydes. It contains blue Cu2+ ions."
"How does Fehling's solution react with aldehydes?"	"Aldehydes are oxidized by Fehling's solution into a carboxylic acid. The copper (II) ions are reduced to copper(I) oxide."
"What happens when aldehydes are reduced using NaBH4 or LiAIH4?"	"Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols."
"What happens when ketones are reduced using NaBH4 or LiAIH4?"	"Ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols."
"What is catalytic hydrogenation used for?"	"Catalytic hydrogenation is another method to reduce carbonyls."
"What are the conditions for catalytic hydrogenation?"	"Catalytic hydrogenation requires high pressure and a hydrogen and nickel catalyst."
"Describe the reaction of addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls."	"The reaction involves the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyl compounds to form hydroxynitriles."
"What reagent is used in the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls?"	"Sodium cyanide (NaCN) and dilute sulfuric acid are used as reagents."
"What are the conditions required for the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls?"	"The reaction occurs at room temperature and pressure."
"Explain the mechanism involved in the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls."	"The mechanism is nucleophilic addition, where the nucleophilic CN- ion attacks the carbonyl carbon."
"How are hydroxynitriles named?"	"In the naming of hydroxynitriles, the CN group becomes part of the main chain and is numbered as carbon number 1."
"Why is HCN difficult to use for this reaction?"	"HCN is a toxic gas that is difficult to contain."
"What is the result of the addition of HCN to unsymmetrical aldehydes and ketones?"	"The formation of a racemate occurs, resulting in equal chances of both enantiomers forming."

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What are carbonyls?

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Compounds with a C=O bond, can be aldehydes or ketones.

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[{"id":978917,"front":"What are carbonyls?","back":"Compounds with a C=O bond, can be aldehydes or ketones.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Carbonyls are organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O). They are commonly found in aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain, while ketones have it in the middle. The C=O bond is polar, making carbonyls reactive and involved in various chemical reactions.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978918,"front":"Describe the difference between aldehydes and ketones.","back":"Aldehydes have the C=O bond at the end of the chain with an H attached, while ketones have the C=O bond in the middle of the chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Aldehydes and ketones are both carbonyl compounds, but they differ in the placement of the carbonyl group. Aldehydes have the carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain, with a hydrogen atom (H) attached. In contrast, ketones have the carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain, with two other carbon groups attached. This difference in placement affects their chemical reactivity and physical properties.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978919,"front":"How do smaller carbonyls behave in water?","back":"They are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Smaller carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This is because the oxygen atom in the carbonyl group can act as a hydrogen bond acceptor, allowing it to interact with the hydrogen atoms in water. This solubility is important for their biological and chemical reactivity in aqueous environments.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978921,"front":"What is the difference between the C=O bond in carbonyls and the C=C bond in alkenes?","back":"The C=O bond is stronger and does not undergo addition reactions easily, while the C=C bond in alkenes attracts electrophiles.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The C=O bond in carbonyls is stronger than the C=C bond in alkenes due to the higher electronegativity of oxygen compared to carbon. This makes the C=O bond less reactive and less prone to undergo addition reactions. On the other hand, the C=C bond in alkenes is more susceptible to electrophilic attack, making it attractive to electrophiles.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978923,"front":"Describe the oxidation of aldehydes.","back":"Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid under reflux.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Aldehydes undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids. This reaction can be achieved by using potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid under reflux conditions. The oxidation process involves the transfer of electrons from the aldehyde to the oxidizing agent, resulting in the formation of a carboxylic acid. This reaction is commonly used in organic synthesis to convert aldehydes into carboxylic acids.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978924,"front":"What are Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent used for?","back":"They are used as tests for the presence of aldehyde groups.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent are both chemical reagents used to detect the presence of aldehyde groups in organic compounds. These tests are based on the ability of aldehydes to be oxidized. Fehling's solution contains copper ions, which are reduced by aldehydes, resulting in a color change. Tollen's reagent contains silver ions, which are also reduced by aldehydes, forming a silver mirror on the inner surface of the test tube. These tests are commonly used in organic chemistry to identify the presence of aldehydes in various compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978925,"front":"Define primary alcohol.","back":"An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is only bonded to one other carbon atom.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"A primary alcohol is characterized by the -OH group being attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon atom. This means that the carbon atom directly attached to the -OH group is not part of a larger carbon chain. This distinction is important because it affects the reactivity and properties of the alcohol. Primary alcohols tend to undergo oxidation reactions more readily compared to secondary or tertiary alcohols.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978926,"front":"What happens when alcohols are oxidized?","back":"Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones, and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"When alcohols are oxidized, primary alcohols undergo a two-step process, first forming aldehydes and then carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones, while tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized due to the absence of a hydrogen atom on the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group. This difference in oxidation behavior is due to the varying availability of hydrogen atoms for removal during the oxidation process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978927,"front":"Describe the intermolecular forces in carbonyls.","back":"Carbonyls cannot hydrogen bond to themselves, but are attracted by permanent dipole forces.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Carbonyls, such as aldehydes and ketones, do not have hydrogen bonding between their own molecules due to the absence of hydrogen atoms bonded directly to oxygen or nitrogen. However, they do experience intermolecular forces called permanent dipole forces. These forces arise from the difference in electronegativity between the carbon and oxygen atoms in the carbonyl group, creating a partial positive charge on carbon and a partial negative charge on oxygen. This polarity allows for attractive interactions between carbonyl molecules.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978928,"front":"Describe Tollens' Reagent.","back":"Tollens' Reagent is formed by mixing aqueous ammonia and silver nitrate. It is used to test for aldehydes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Tollens' Reagent is a chemical solution created by combining aqueous ammonia and silver nitrate. This reagent is commonly used in chemistry to test for the presence of aldehydes. When an aldehyde is present, it undergoes a redox reaction with Tollens' Reagent, resulting in the formation of a silver mirror on the inner surface of the reaction vessel. This reaction is based on the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver by the aldehyde, indicating the presence of an aldehyde functional group.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978929,"front":"What is the observation when Tollens' Reagent reacts with aldehydes?","back":"With aldehydes, a silver mirror forms coating the inside of the test tube.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Tollens' Reagent is a solution of silver nitrate and ammonia. When it reacts with aldehydes, a redox reaction occurs. The aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, while the silver ions in the reagent are reduced to metallic silver. This reduction reaction results in the formation of a silver mirror on the inside of the test tube. This observation is a characteristic test for the presence of aldehydes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978930,"front":"What is Fehling's solution used for?","back":"Fehling's solution is used to test for aldehydes. It contains blue Cu2+ ions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Fehling's solution is a chemical reagent used to detect the presence of aldehydes. It works by reacting with aldehydes to form a red precipitate of copper(I) oxide. The blue Cu2+ ions in the solution are reduced to Cu+ ions by the aldehyde, resulting in the color change. This test is commonly used in organic chemistry to identify and differentiate aldehydes from other functional groups.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978931,"front":"How does Fehling's solution react with aldehydes?","back":"Aldehydes are oxidized by Fehling's solution into a carboxylic acid. The copper (II) ions are reduced to copper(I) oxide.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Fehling's solution is a commonly used reagent to test for the presence of aldehydes. It contains copper (II) ions, which act as an oxidizing agent. When an aldehyde is added to Fehling's solution, it undergoes oxidation, resulting in the formation of a carboxylic acid. At the same time, the copper (II) ions in Fehling's solution are reduced to copper(I) oxide. This reaction is used as a qualitative test for aldehydes, as the formation of a brick-red precipitate of copper(I) oxide indicates the presence of an aldehyde.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978934,"front":"What happens when aldehydes are reduced using NaBH4 or LiAIH4?","back":"Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"When aldehydes are reduced using NaBH4 or LiAIH4, a chemical reaction occurs where the aldehyde functional group is converted into a primary alcohol. This reduction process involves the transfer of hydride ions from the reducing agent to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde, resulting in the formation of a new carbon-oxygen single bond and the conversion of the aldehyde into a primary alcohol. This reduction reaction is commonly used in organic synthesis to selectively convert aldehydes into primary alcohols.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978935,"front":"What happens when ketones are reduced using NaBH4 or LiAIH4?","back":"Ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"When ketones are reduced using NaBH4 or LiAIH4, a process known as reduction occurs. Reduction involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to the ketone molecule, resulting in the formation of a secondary alcohol. This reaction is commonly used in organic synthesis to convert ketones into alcohols. NaBH4 and LiAIH4 are both strong reducing agents that can effectively transfer hydride ions to the carbonyl carbon of the ketone, leading to the reduction reaction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978937,"front":"What is catalytic hydrogenation used for?","back":"Catalytic hydrogenation is another method to reduce carbonyls.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Catalytic hydrogenation is a widely used method in organic chemistry to reduce carbonyl compounds. It involves the addition of hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, typically a metal such as palladium or platinum. This reaction is commonly used to convert aldehydes and ketones into alcohols, as well as to reduce other functional groups such as nitro groups or double bonds. The catalyst facilitates the reaction by providing a surface for the adsorption and activation of hydrogen molecules, allowing them to react with the carbonyl compound and form the corresponding alcohol.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978938,"front":"What are the conditions for catalytic hydrogenation?","back":"Catalytic hydrogenation requires high pressure and a hydrogen and nickel catalyst.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Catalytic hydrogenation is a chemical process that involves the addition of hydrogen to a molecule. It requires specific conditions to occur. High pressure is necessary to increase the concentration of hydrogen gas, promoting its reaction with the substrate. A catalyst, such as nickel, is used to facilitate the reaction by lowering the activation energy. The catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway, allowing the reaction to occur more readily. Overall, these conditions enable the efficient and selective hydrogenation of the desired substrate.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978939,"front":"Describe the reaction of addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls.","back":"The reaction involves the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyl compounds to form hydroxynitriles.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyl compounds is a nucleophilic addition reaction. Hydrogen cyanide acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. This results in the formation of a new carbon-nitrogen bond and the conversion of the carbonyl group into a hydroxynitrile functional group. The reaction is commonly used in organic synthesis to introduce the hydroxynitrile moiety into various compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978940,"front":"What reagent is used in the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls?","back":"Sodium cyanide (NaCN) and dilute sulfuric acid are used as reagents.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is used as a source of cyanide ions in the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls. The cyanide ions act as nucleophiles, attacking the carbonyl carbon and forming a new carbon-carbon bond. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to provide the necessary acidic conditions for the reaction to occur. This reaction is commonly used in organic synthesis to introduce a cyanide group onto a carbonyl compound.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978941,"front":"What are the conditions required for the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls?","back":"The reaction occurs at room temperature and pressure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls requires specific conditions. One important condition is that the reaction takes place at room temperature and pressure. This means that no additional heating or cooling is required to initiate the reaction. These mild conditions are advantageous as they minimize the risk of side reactions or decomposition of the reactants. Additionally, conducting the reaction at room temperature and pressure makes it more practical and cost-effective for industrial applications.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978942,"front":"Explain the mechanism involved in the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls.","back":"The mechanism is nucleophilic addition, where the nucleophilic CN- ion attacks the carbonyl carbon.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls involves a nucleophilic addition mechanism. In this mechanism, the CN- ion acts as the nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon. This results in the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond and the addition of the cyanide group to the carbonyl compound. Nucleophilic addition reactions are common in organic chemistry and involve the attack of a nucleophile on an electrophilic carbon atom.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978943,"front":"How are hydroxynitriles named?","back":"In the naming of hydroxynitriles, the CN group becomes part of the main chain and is numbered as carbon number 1.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"Hydroxynitriles are named by considering the CN group as part of the main chain and assigning it the carbon number 1. This is because the CN group is a functional group that takes precedence over the hydroxyl group. The numbering of the carbon chain starts from the CN group, ensuring that it is given the lowest possible number.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978944,"front":"Why is HCN difficult to use for this reaction?","back":"HCN is a toxic gas that is difficult to contain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"HCN is difficult to use for this reaction because it is a toxic gas that poses safety risks. It is challenging to contain and handle due to its volatile nature. Additionally, HCN requires special precautions and equipment to ensure the safety of the researchers involved.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":978946,"front":"What is the result of the addition of HCN to unsymmetrical aldehydes and ketones?","back":"The formation of a racemate occurs, resulting in equal chances of both enantiomers forming.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The addition of HCN to unsymmetrical aldehydes and ketones leads to the formation of a racemate. This means that both enantiomers, or mirror-image isomers, have an equal chance of forming. This occurs because the addition of HCN to the carbonyl group results in the formation of a new chiral center, leading to the production of both R and S enantiomers in equal amounts.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"2L4Z1","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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