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Alcohols

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards provides comprehensive coverage on the chemistry of alcohols, including their naming conventions, properties, and reactions such as oxidation and dehydration. It also addresses alcohol-related procedures like distillation and reflux, the role of catalysts and reagents, and the production of ethanol via fermentation, highlighting the concept of biofuels and carbon neutrality.

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"How does the acid catalyst play a role in the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents?"	"The acid catalyst facilitates the removal of a water molecule from the alcohol molecule, promoting the formation of the alkene."
"What are the advantages of fermentation over industrial formation from ethene?"	"Faster reaction, purer product, continuous process, and the use of a renewable resource (sugar)."
"What are the essential conditions for fermentation?"	"Temperatures of 30-40°C, no air, and the presence of yeast."
"Define hydration."	"Hydration is the addition of water to a molecule."
"What is the reagent used in the fermentation process?"	"Yeast."
"Describe the two methods for producing ethanol."	"Fermentation and industrial formation from ethene."
"Explain the acid-catalyzed elimination mechanism in the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents."	"The acid catalyst, such as concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid, donates a proton (H+) to the alcohol molecule, leading to the formation of a carbocation. The carbocation then undergoes a rearrangement or elimination of a water molecule to form the alkene product."
"What is the possible route to polymers without using monomers derived from oil?"	"Producing alkenes from alcohols provides a possible route to polymers without using monomers derived from oil."
"Describe the type of reaction that occurs during the dehydration of alcohols."	"The reaction is an acid-catalyzed elimination reaction, where a water molecule is eliminated from the alcohol molecule to form an alkene."
"What are the disadvantages of industrial formation from ethene?"	"High technology equipment needed, ethene is a non-renewable resource, batch process, high energy costs, and the ethanol produced is not pure."
"Define a dehydrating agent."	"A dehydrating agent is a substance that removes water from a compound."
"What are the reagents used in the dehydration reaction of alcohols?"	"The reagents used are concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acids."
"Describe the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents."	"The reaction involves the of alcohols intokenes by removing a water molecule from the alcohol molecule."
"How can the presence of a carboxylic acid be tested?"	"The presence of a carboxylic acid can be tested by adding sodium carbonate, which will produce fizzing and carbon dioxide."
"What is the observation when aldehydes react with Fehling's solution?"	"When aldehydes react with Fehling's solution, the blue Cu2+ ions in the solution change to a red precipitate of Cu2O."
"What is the observation when aldehydes react with Tollens' reagent?"	"When aldehydes react with Tollens' reagent, a silver mirror forms coating the inside of the test tube."
"Define tertiary alcohols."	"Tertiary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to three other carbon atoms. They cannot be oxidized by potassium dichromate due to the absence of a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon with the -OH group."
"How can Fehling's solution be used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones?"	"Fehling's solution is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes are oxidized by Fehling's solution, resulting in the reduction of copper (II) ions to copper(I) oxide."
"What is the main disadvantage of fermentation?"	"It depletes land used for growing food crops."
"What factors are not taken into account when determining if ethanol produced from fermentation is carbon neutral?"	"The energy needed to irrigate plants, fractionally distil the ethanol, and process the fuel, especially if the energy comes from fossil fuels."
"Explain the overall net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere in the production of ethanol from fermentation."	"For every 6 molecules of CO2 absorbed, 6 molecules of CO2 are emitted, resulting in no net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere."
"How is ethanol produced from fermentation classified?"	"As a biofuel."
"Define carbon neutral."	"An activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere."
"Describe what a biofuel is."	"A fuel produced from plants."
"What is the main disadvantage of industrial formation from ethene?"	"It uses a non-renewable resource (ethene) that will become more expensive when raw materials run out."
"What is Tollens' reagent used for?"	"Tollens' reagent is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes are oxidized by Tollens' reagent to form a carboxylic acid, while ketones do not react."
"What is the product of the acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene?"	"Ethanol."
"What is the role of conc H3PO4 in the acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene?"	"It provides the H+ ions necessary for the reaction."
"What is the role of yeast in fermentation?"	"Yeast acts as a catalyst to convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide."
"What happens to the ethanol produced in fermentation when air is present?"	"It oxidizes to ethanoic acid (vinegar)."
"What is the type of reaction involved in fermentation?"	"Fermentation is a hydration/addition reaction."
"Why is fermentation done in the absence of air?"	"The presence of air can cause extra reactions to occur."
"What is the optimum temperature for fermentation?"	"Around 38°C."
"What is the purpose of using a strong acidic catalyst in the acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene?"	"To provide H+ ions for the reaction."
"Describe the partial oxidation of primary alcohols."	"The reaction involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. The aldehyde has a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain."
"How can the yield of distillate be maximized during distillation?"	"To maximize the yield of distillate, only collect it at the approximate boiling point of the desired aldehyde and not higher."
"What is the role of sulfuric acid in the oxidation of alcohols?"	"Sulfuric acid is used as a reagent in the oxidation of alcohols."
"Define aldehyde."	"An aldehyde is a type of organic compound that always has a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain and ends in -al in its name."
"What is the purpose of cooling the collection flask in ice during distillation?"	"Cooling the collection flask in ice helps improve the yield of distillate."
"Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals in dist?"	"Electric heaters are used because organic chemicals are highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame."
"How should the apparatus for distillation be drawn and labeled?"	"The apparatus should include a round-bottomed flask, a thermometer, an adaptor, a Liebig condenser. The bulb of the thermometer should be at the T junction connecting to condenser."
"What is the purpose of distillation in organic chemistry?"	"Distillation is used as a separation technique to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture."
"What is the purpose of adding a limited amount of dichromate in the oxidation of primary alcohols?"	"Adding a limited amount of dichromate helps control the reaction and prevents over-oxidation of the primary alcohol."
"What is the role of potassium dichromate in the oxidation of alcohols?"	"Potassium dichromate is an oxidizing agent that causes alcohols to oxidize."
"Describe the solubility of smaller alcohols in water."	"Smaller alcohols can dissolve in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules."
"What is the prefix used to name alcohols with two or more -OH groups?"	"Di, tri, etc. are used as prefixes."
"Define primary alcohols."	"Primary alcohols are alcohols where 1 carbon is attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen."
"What is the reason for the relatively high boiling points of alcohols?"	"Alcohols have the ability to form hydrogen bonds between alcohol molecules."
"Describe the bond angles in alcohols."	"All the H-C-H bonds and C-O are 109.5° (tetrahedral shape), while the H-O-C bond is 104.5° (bent line shape) due to repulsion from lone pairs of electrons."
"How are alcohols named?"	"They have the ending -ol and if necessary, the position number for the OH group is added between the name stem and the -ol."
"What are the reagents used for the full oxidation of primary alcohols?"	"The reagents used are potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid."
"What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones in terms of further oxidation?"	"Aldehydes can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids, while ketones cannot be further oxidized."
"Describe the oxidation of secondary alcohols."	"Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones using potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid under heat and reflux conditions."
"What precautions should be taken when using a condenser in reflux?"	"The condenser should not be sealed at the end to prevent gas pressure build-up, and it should have two openings for water in and out."
"Describe the round-bottomed flask used in reflux."	"The round-bottomed flask is an important component of the apparatus and should be accurately drawn and labeled."
"What are anti-bumping granules used for in reflux and distillation?"	"Anti-bumping granules prevent vigorous and uneven boiling by promoting the formation of small bubbles."
"What is the purpose of reflux in the full oxidation of primary alcohols?"	"Reflux is used to heat the reaction mixture for long periods while preventing the escape of organic vapors."
"What is the observation made during the full oxidation of primary alcohols?"	"The orange dichromate ion (Cr2O7-) reduces to the green Cr3+ ion."
"Describe the conditions required for the full oxidation of primary alcohols."	"The reaction requires an excess of dichromate and heating under reflux."
"What is the general formula for alcohols?"	"CnH2n+1OH"
"What is the reaction that occurs during the full oxidation of primary alcohols?"	"The reaction is the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid."
"What is the purpose of the thermometer in distillation?"	"The thermometer is used to measure the correct boiling point of the desired aldehyde during distillation."
"Describe the oxidation equations of alcohols using [O] as a simplified form."	"The oxidation equations involve the alcohol reacting with [O] from the oxidizing agent to form an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid, depending on the type of alcohol."
"How should the formulae of aldehydes be written in a condensed way?"	"The formulae of aldehydes should be written as CHO and not COH, e.g., CH3CH2CHO."
"What is the role of water in the condenser during distillation?"	"Water in the condenser provides efficient cooling and prevents backflow out of the condenser."

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How does the acid catalyst play a role in the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents?

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The acid catalyst facilitates the removal of a water molecule from the alcohol molecule, promoting the formation of the alkene.

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[{"id":979941,"front":"How does the acid catalyst play a role in the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents?","back":"The acid catalyst facilitates the removal of a water molecule from the alcohol molecule, promoting the formation of the alkene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":0,"explanation":"The acid catalyst acts as a facilitator in the reaction between alcohols and dehydrating agents. It helps in removing a water molecule from the alcohol molecule, which is essential for the formation of the alkene. The acid catalyst provides the necessary conditions for the reaction to occur efficiently and promotes the conversion of the alcohol into the desired product.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979952,"front":"What are the advantages of fermentation over industrial formation from ethene?","back":"Faster reaction, purer product, continuous process, and the use of a renewable resource (sugar).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":1,"explanation":"Fermentation offers several advantages over industrial formation from ethene. Firstly, fermentation is a faster reaction, allowing for quicker production. Additionally, the product obtained through fermentation is purer compared to industrial processes. Fermentation also allows for a continuous process, ensuring a steady supply of the desired product. Moreover, fermentation utilizes a renewable resource, such as sugar, making it a more sustainable option.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979951,"front":"What are the essential conditions for fermentation?","back":"Temperatures of 30-40°C, no air, and the presence of yeast.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":2,"explanation":"Fermentation requires specific conditions to occur. The temperature range of 30-40°C is crucial for the activity of the yeast. Additionally, the absence of air is necessary as yeast is anaerobic. These conditions allow for the conversion of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979950,"front":"Define hydration.","back":"Hydration is the addition of water to a molecule.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":3,"explanation":"Hydration involves the process of incorporating water molecules into a substance. This addition of water can alter the properties and behavior of the molecule, impacting its structure and interactions with other molecules. It is a fundamental concept in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979949,"front":"What is the reagent used in the fermentation process?","back":"Yeast.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":4,"explanation":"Yeast is used as a reagent in the fermentation process because it contains enzymes that can break down sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. These enzymes, called zymases, are responsible for the conversion of glucose into ethanol during fermentation. Yeast is a single-celled organism that can metabolize sugars anaerobically, making it an ideal reagent for fermentation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979948,"front":"Describe the two methods for producing ethanol.","back":"Fermentation and industrial formation from ethene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":5,"explanation":"Fermentation is a natural process where microorganisms, such as yeast, break down sugars in plants to produce ethanol. This method has been used for centuries in the production of alcoholic beverages. Industrial formation from ethene, on the other hand, involves a chemical process called hydration, where ethene gas is reacted with water to produce ethanol. This method is commonly used in large-scale ethanol production for fuel and industrial purposes. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, efficiency, and environmental impact.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979947,"front":"Explain the acid-catalyzed elimination mechanism in the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents.","back":"The acid catalyst, such as concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid, donates a proton (H+) to the alcohol molecule, leading to the formation of a carbocation. The carbocation then undergoes a rearrangement or elimination of a water molecule to form the alkene product.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":6,"explanation":"The acid catalyst initiates the reaction by donating a proton to the alcohol, forming a carbocation. This intermediate then undergoes rearrangement or elimination of a water molecule to yield the alkene product. The presence of the acid catalyst facilitates the dehydration process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979944,"front":"What is the possible route to polymers without using monomers derived from oil?","back":"Producing alkenes from alcohols provides a possible route to polymers without using monomers derived from oil.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":7,"explanation":"Producing alkenes from alcohols offers a potential alternative to using oil-derived monomers for polymer production. This method aligns with the goal of reducing reliance on fossil fuels and exploring sustainable sources for polymer synthesis.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979942,"front":"Describe the type of reaction that occurs during the dehydration of alcohols.","back":"The reaction is an acid-catalyzed elimination reaction, where a water molecule is eliminated from the alcohol molecule to form an alkene.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":8,"explanation":"Dehydration of alcohols involves the removal of a water molecule from the alcohol structure to generate an alkene. This process typically requires an acid catalyst to facilitate the elimination reaction. The resulting alkene product is a compound with a carbon-carbon double bond.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979953,"front":"What are the disadvantages of industrial formation from ethene?","back":"High technology equipment needed, ethene is a non-renewable resource, batch process, high energy costs, and the ethanol produced is not pure.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":9,"explanation":"The industrial formation of ethanol from ethene has several drawbacks. The process requires high-tech equipment and is energy-intensive. Additionally, ethene is a non-renewable resource, and the batch process results in impure ethanol. These factors contribute to the disadvantages of this industrial formation method.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979939,"front":"Define a dehydrating agent.","back":"A dehydrating agent is a substance that removes water from a compound.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":10,"explanation":"Dehydrating agents are commonly used in chemical reactions to drive processes that require the removal of water molecules. They are crucial in organic synthesis to facilitate reactions that are sensitive to the presence of water. These agents help in achieving higher yields and purer products.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979937,"front":"What are the reagents used in the dehydration reaction of alcohols?","back":"The reagents used are concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acids.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":11,"explanation":"Concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acids are commonly used in alcohol dehydration reactions due to their strong acidic nature, which helps in protonating the alcohol to facilitate the elimination of water and formation of the alkene product. These acids also act as catalysts in the reaction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979936,"front":"Describe the reaction of alcohols with dehydrating agents.","back":"The reaction involves the of alcohols intokenes by removing a water molecule from the alcohol molecule.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":12,"explanation":"Alcohols react with dehydrating agents to form alkenes by eliminating a water molecule. This dehydration process is a common method to convert alcohols into alkenes, a reaction known as dehydration. It is an important transformation in organic chemistry to synthesize unsaturated compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979934,"front":"How can the presence of a carboxylic acid be tested?","back":"The presence of a carboxylic acid can be tested by adding sodium carbonate, which will produce fizzing and carbon dioxide.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":13,"explanation":"The reaction between carboxylic acids and sodium carbonate forms a salt, carbon dioxide, and water. The fizzing observed is due to the release of carbon dioxide gas. This effervescence is a characteristic test for the presence of carboxylic acids.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979931,"front":"What is the observation when aldehydes react with Fehling's solution?","back":"When aldehydes react with Fehling's solution, the blue Cu2+ ions in the solution change to a red precipitate of Cu2O.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":14,"explanation":"The observation of a red precipitate forming when aldehydes react with Fehling's solution is due to the reduction of the blue Cu²⁺ ions to Cu₂O by the aldehyde. This reaction is a classic test for the presence of aldehydes, as ketones do not undergo this transformation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979929,"front":"What is the observation when aldehydes react with Tollens' reagent?","back":"When aldehydes react with Tollens' reagent, a silver mirror forms coating the inside of the test tube.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":15,"explanation":"The formation of a silver mirror when aldehydes react with Tollens' reagent is due to the reduction of silver ions to elemental silver. This occurs because aldehydes act as reducing agents, converting the silver ions in the reagent to solid silver, which coats the test tube.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979927,"front":"Define tertiary alcohols.","back":"Tertiary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to three other carbon atoms. They cannot be oxidized by potassium dichromate due to the absence of a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon with the -OH group.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":16,"explanation":"Tertiary alcohols have a unique structure with the -OH group attached to a carbon bonded to three other carbons. This lack of a hydrogen atom on the carbon prevents oxidation by potassium dichromate, distinguishing them from primary and secondary alcohols.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979924,"front":"How can Fehling's solution be used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones?","back":"Fehling's solution is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes are oxidized by Fehling's solution, resulting in the reduction of copper (II) ions to copper(I) oxide.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":17,"explanation":"Fehling's solution contains copper (II) ions complexed with tartrate ions. Aldehydes are easily oxidized by Fehling's solution due to their ability to reduce copper (II) ions to copper(I) oxide, forming a red precipitate. Ketones lack this ability and do not react with Fehling's solution in the same manner.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979962,"front":"What is the main disadvantage of fermentation?","back":"It depletes land used for growing food crops.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":18,"explanation":"Fermentation competes with food crop cultivation for land, impacting food production. This can lead to food scarcity, affecting food security and potentially causing economic and social issues in regions where fermentation processes are prevalent.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979970,"front":"What factors are not taken into account when determining if ethanol produced from fermentation is carbon neutral?","back":"The energy needed to irrigate plants, fractionally distil the ethanol, and process the fuel, especially if the energy comes from fossil fuels.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":19,"explanation":"The factors not considered include the energy required for irrigation, distillation, and processing, particularly if sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels. These aspects contribute to the overall carbon footprint of ethanol production despite its renewable nature.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979969,"front":"Explain the overall net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere in the production of ethanol from fermentation.","back":"For every 6 molecules of CO2 absorbed, 6 molecules of CO2 are emitted, resulting in no net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":20,"explanation":"During the production of ethanol from fermentation, the CO2 released during the process is originally absorbed by the plants used to make ethanol. This closed-loop system ensures that the overall net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere remains neutral, as the CO2 emitted is balanced by the CO2 absorbed during plant growth.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979966,"front":"How is ethanol produced from fermentation classified?","back":"As a biofuel.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":21,"explanation":"Ethanol produced from fermentation is classified as a biofuel because it is derived from organic matter, such as crops like corn or sugarcane. This process of converting sugars into ethanol through fermentation is a key method in biofuel production due to its renewable and sustainable nature.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979965,"front":"Define carbon neutral.","back":"An activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":22,"explanation":"Being carbon neutral means balancing the amount of carbon emissions produced with an equivalent amount of carbon removal or offsetting. This helps in combating climate change by reducing the overall carbon footprint of an activity to zero.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979964,"front":"Describe what a biofuel is.","back":"A fuel produced from plants.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":23,"explanation":"Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived from organic materials, primarily plants. They can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The production process often involves converting biomass into liquid fuels, which can be used in transportation and heating, promoting sustainability and energy security.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979963,"front":"What is the main disadvantage of industrial formation from ethene?","back":"It uses a non-renewable resource (ethene) that will become more expensive when raw materials run out.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":24,"explanation":"The reliance on non-renewable resources like ethene poses sustainability challenges. As these resources deplete, not only do costs rise, but it also creates a pressing need for alternative methods or materials. This shift is crucial for long-term economic and environmental stability in industrial processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979921,"front":"What is Tollens' reagent used for?","back":"Tollens' reagent is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes are oxidized by Tollens' reagent to form a carboxylic acid, while ketones do not react.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":25,"explanation":"Tollens' reagent, containing silver ions, is a classic test in organic chemistry. Its ability to selectively oxidize aldehydes highlights the structural differences between aldehydes and ketones, making it a valuable tool for identifying functional groups in various compounds. This selectivity is crucial in synthetic chemistry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979961,"front":"What is the product of the acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene?","back":"Ethanol.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":26,"explanation":"The acid-catalyzed hydration of ethene involves the addition of water across the double bond, facilitated by an acid that donates a proton. This process leads to the formation of ethanol, a key alcohol in various applications, including beverages and industrial solvents, highlighting its significance in organic chemistry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979960,"front":"What is the role of conc H3PO4 in the acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene?","back":"It provides the H+ ions necessary for the reaction.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":27,"explanation":"Conc H3PO4 serves as a source of protons (H+) in the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethene. The addition of H+ ions to the double bond initiates the reaction by protonating the alkene, facilitating the subsequent addition of water molecules to form the final product.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979959,"front":"What is the role of yeast in fermentation?","back":"Yeast acts as a catalyst to convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":28,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979958,"front":"What happens to the ethanol produced in fermentation when air is present?","back":"It oxidizes to ethanoic acid (vinegar).","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":29,"explanation":"In the presence of air, ethanol undergoes oxidation, leading to the formation of ethanoic acid. This process is facilitated by acetic acid bacteria, which thrive in aerobic conditions. This transformation is significant in food preservation and flavor enhancement, particularly in vinegar production.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979957,"front":"What is the type of reaction involved in fermentation?","back":"Fermentation is a hydration/addition reaction.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":30,"explanation":"Fermentation primarily involves the conversion of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide through the action of microorganisms. This process is anaerobic, meaning it occurs without oxygen, and is crucial in food production, biofuel generation, and various biochemical applications. Understanding fermentation can enhance various industrial processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979956,"front":"Why is fermentation done in the absence of air?","back":"The presence of air can cause extra reactions to occur.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":31,"explanation":"Fermentation is carried out in the absence of air to prevent unwanted reactions that can alter the desired fermentation process. Oxygen can lead to oxidative reactions that may change the final product or inhibit the growth of the desired microorganisms involved in fermentation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979955,"front":"What is the optimum temperature for fermentation?","back":"Around 38°C.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":32,"explanation":"Fermentation is a metabolic process where microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol or acids, and temperature plays a crucial role in enzyme activity and yeast performance. At around 38°C, yeast thrives, optimizing fermentation speed and efficiency, while minimizing the risk of unwanted byproducts.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979954,"front":"What is the purpose of using a strong acidic catalyst in the acid catalysed addition mechanism for hydration of ethene?","back":"To provide H+ ions for the reaction.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":33,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979881,"front":"Describe the partial oxidation of primary alcohols.","back":"The reaction involves the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. The aldehyde has a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":34,"explanation":"Partial oxidation of primary alcohols typically occurs under controlled conditions, often using mild oxidizing agents. This process stops at the aldehyde stage, preventing further oxidation to carboxylic acids. The resulting aldehyde is characterized by its functional group, which significantly influences its reactivity and properties.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979892,"front":"How can the yield of distillate be maximized during distillation?","back":"To maximize the yield of distillate, only collect it at the approximate boiling point of the desired aldehyde and not higher.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":35,"explanation":"Collecting distillate at the precise boiling point ensures that the desired compound is efficiently separated from impurities and other components. Operating at higher temperatures can lead to the co-distillation of unwanted substances, reducing purity and yield. This technique enhances selectivity and overall efficiency in the process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979891,"front":"What is the role of sulfuric acid in the oxidation of alcohols?","back":"Sulfuric acid is used as a reagent in the oxidation of alcohols.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":36,"explanation":"Sulfuric acid serves as a catalyst in the oxidation of alcohols by promoting the dehydration of the alcohol to form an alkene intermediate. This alkene can then undergo further oxidation to yield the desired carbonyl compound. The presence of sulfuric acid helps facilitate the reaction by providing the necessary conditions for the alcohol to undergo oxidation efficiently.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979889,"front":"Define aldehyde.","back":"An aldehyde is a type of organic compound that always has a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain and ends in -al in its name.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":38,"explanation":"Aldehydes are known for their distinctive carbonyl group, which consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. This functional group is typically found at the end of carbon chains, distinguishing aldehydes from other organic compounds. The \"-al\" suffix in their nomenclature further signifies their characteristic structure.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979888,"front":"What is the purpose of cooling the collection flask in ice during distillation?","back":"Cooling the collection flask in ice helps improve the yield of distillate.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":39,"explanation":"Cooling the collection flask in ice during distillation is essential because it helps to condense the vaporized distillate back into liquid form more efficiently. This process prevents the loss of volatile components and ensures a higher yield of the desired product.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979887,"front":"Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals in dist?","back":"Electric heaters are used because organic chemicals are highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":40,"explanation":"Electric heaters are preferred for heating organic chemicals in distillation due to their precise temperature control, reducing the risk of overheating and potential fires. Additionally, electric heaters eliminate the need for an open flame, ensuring a safer working environment when handling flammable substances.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979886,"front":"How should the apparatus for distillation be drawn and labeled?","back":"The apparatus should include a round-bottomed flask, a thermometer, an adaptor, a Liebig condenser. The bulb of the thermometer should be at the T junction connecting to condenser.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":41,"explanation":"Drawing the distillation apparatus accurately is crucial for understanding the setup. Proper labeling ensures clarity and precision in the depiction. Placing the thermometer bulb at the T junction helps monitor the distillation process effectively by measuring the temperature accurately.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979883,"front":"What is the purpose of distillation in organic chemistry?","back":"Distillation is used as a separation technique to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":42,"explanation":"Distillation leverages differences in boiling points to isolate compounds, making it essential for purifying organic substances. This technique is crucial in synthesizing high-purity products, essential for further reactions or applications in pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and other industries.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979893,"front":"What is the purpose of adding a limited amount of dichromate in the oxidation of primary alcohols?","back":"Adding a limited amount of dichromate helps control the reaction and prevents over-oxidation of the primary alcohol.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":43,"explanation":"Limiting the dichromate controls the reaction by ensuring it stops at the desired aldehyde product. Excess dichromate could lead to further oxidation to carboxylic acids. This controlled approach is crucial for selectively obtaining aldehydes from primary alcohols.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979880,"front":"What is the role of potassium dichromate in the oxidation of alcohols?","back":"Potassium dichromate is an oxidizing agent that causes alcohols to oxidize.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":44,"explanation":"Potassium dichromate is a powerful oxidizing agent due to its chromium in the +6 oxidation state. In the presence of an acid, it facilitates the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, depending on the type of alcohol. This reaction is crucial in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry for identifying functional groups.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979878,"front":"Describe the solubility of smaller alcohols in water.","back":"Smaller alcohols can dissolve in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":46,"explanation":"Smaller alcohols, like methanol and ethanol, are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This interaction allows for a homogenous mixture to be formed, enhancing their solubility in water compared to larger alcohols.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979877,"front":"What is the prefix used to name alcohols with two or more -OH groups?","back":"Di, tri, etc. are used as prefixes.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":47,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979875,"front":"Define primary alcohols.","back":"Primary alcohols are alcohols where 1 carbon is attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":48,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979874,"front":"What is the reason for the relatively high boiling points of alcohols?","back":"Alcohols have the ability to form hydrogen bonds between alcohol molecules.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":49,"explanation":"Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the physical properties of substances. In alcohols, the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group allows for strong intermolecular attractions, requiring more energy to break these bonds during boiling. This results in higher boiling points compared to similar-sized hydrocarbons.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979872,"front":"Describe the bond angles in alcohols.","back":"All the H-C-H bonds and C-O are 109.5° (tetrahedral shape), while the H-O-C bond is 104.5° (bent line shape) due to repulsion from lone pairs of electrons.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":50,"explanation":"In alcohols, the tetrahedral geometry around the carbon atom leads to bond angles of 109.5° for H-C-H and C-O bonds. However, the presence of lone pairs on the oxygen atom distorts the H-O-C bond angle to 104.5°, illustrating how electron repulsion influences molecular geometry.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979869,"front":"How are alcohols named?","back":"They have the ending -ol and if necessary, the position number for the OH group is added between the name stem and the -ol.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":51,"explanation":"Alcohols are named by identifying the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl (OH) group, determining the parent name, adding the suffix -ol, and specifying the position of the OH group if needed. This systematic naming convention helps to distinguish different alcohol compounds.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979901,"front":"What are the reagents used for the full oxidation of primary alcohols?","back":"The reagents used are potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":52,"explanation":"Potassium dichromate(VI) and dilute sulfuric acid are commonly used for the full oxidation of primary alcohols due to the strong oxidizing properties of potassium dichromate(VI) and the acidic conditions provided by dilute sulfuric acid, which facilitate the oxidation process.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979918,"front":"What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones in terms of further oxidation?","back":"Aldehydes can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids, while ketones cannot be further oxidized.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":53,"explanation":"Aldehydes possess a terminal carbonyl group, making them more reactive towards oxidation. In contrast, ketones have their carbonyl group situated between two carbon atoms, which stabilizes them and limits their reactivity. This structural difference is key in determining their oxidation behavior.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979916,"front":"Describe the oxidation of secondary alcohols.","back":"Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones using potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulfuric acid under heat and reflux conditions.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":54,"explanation":"Secondary alcohols undergo oxidation to form ketones rather than carboxylic acids because they lack a hydrogen atom on the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group. This prevents further oxidation to a carboxylic acid, resulting in the formation of a ketone as the final product.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979912,"front":"What precautions should be taken when using a condenser in reflux?","back":"The condenser should not be sealed at the end to prevent gas pressure build-up, and it should have two openings for water in and out.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":55,"explanation":"Using a condenser in reflux requires careful attention to pressure management. Sealing can lead to dangerous pressure increases, potentially causing equipment failure or hazardous leaks. Dual water openings ensure efficient cooling, maintaining optimal temperatures for condensation and preventing vapor escape, which is crucial for reaction efficiency.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979911,"front":"Describe the round-bottomed flask used in reflux.","back":"The round-bottomed flask is an important component of the apparatus and should be accurately drawn and labeled.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":56,"explanation":"The round-bottomed flask is designed for even heat distribution, minimizing the risk of hot spots during reflux. Its shape allows for efficient mixing of contents and facilitates the use of a heating mantle. Proper labeling ensures clarity in experimental setups, enhancing safety and reproducibility in chemical processes.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979908,"front":"What are anti-bumping granules used for in reflux and distillation?","back":"Anti-bumping granules prevent vigorous and uneven boiling by promoting the formation of small bubbles.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":57,"explanation":"Anti-bumping granules are essential in reflux and distillation to ensure a smooth and controlled boiling process. They work by creating a more uniform bubble formation, preventing sudden bursts of boiling that can lead to sample loss or equipment damage. This helps maintain a consistent and efficient distillation or reflux operation.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979906,"front":"What is the purpose of reflux in the full oxidation of primary alcohols?","back":"Reflux is used to heat the reaction mixture for long periods while preventing the escape of organic vapors.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":58,"explanation":"Reflux ensures that the reaction mixture remains at a constant temperature, promoting thorough oxidation of primary alcohols. By preventing the loss of volatile components, it allows for extended reaction times, enhancing the conversion of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979904,"front":"What is the observation made during the full oxidation of primary alcohols?","back":"The orange dichromate ion (Cr2O7-) reduces to the green Cr3+ ion.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":59,"explanation":"The color change from orange to green during the full oxidation of primary alcohols is due to the reduction of the dichromate ion (Cr2O7-) to the Cr3+ ion. This change indicates the conversion of the alcohol to a carboxylic acid.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979902,"front":"Describe the conditions required for the full oxidation of primary alcohols.","back":"The reaction requires an excess of dichromate and heating under reflux.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":60,"explanation":"The use of an excess of dichromate is crucial as it ensures that there is enough oxidizing agent present to fully oxidize the primary alcohol. Heating under reflux allows for continuous boiling and condensation, preventing loss of volatile reactants and ensuring completion of the oxidation reaction.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979867,"front":"What is the general formula for alcohols?","back":"CnH2n+1OH","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":61,"explanation":null,"deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979900,"front":"What is the reaction that occurs during the full oxidation of primary alcohols?","back":"The reaction is the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":62,"explanation":"During the full oxidation of primary alcohols, the primary alcohol first undergoes oxidation to an aldehyde, which is further oxidized to a carboxylic acid. This process involves the removal of hydrogen atoms and addition of oxygen atoms to the alcohol molecule.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979899,"front":"What is the purpose of the thermometer in distillation?","back":"The thermometer is used to measure the correct boiling point of the desired aldehyde during distillation.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":63,"explanation":"In distillation, monitoring the boiling point is crucial for separating components based on their volatility. The thermometer ensures that the distillation occurs at the optimal temperature, allowing for efficient collection of the desired compound while minimizing impurities and maximizing yield.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979898,"front":"Describe the oxidation equations of alcohols using [O] as a simplified form.","back":"The oxidation equations involve the alcohol reacting with [O] from the oxidizing agent to form an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid, depending on the type of alcohol.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":64,"explanation":"Alcohols undergo oxidation by reacting with [O] from an oxidizing agent to form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. This process is crucial in organic chemistry for converting alcohols into different functional groups based on the type of alcohol being oxidized.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979896,"front":"How should the formulae of aldehydes be written in a condensed way?","back":"The formulae of aldehydes should be written as CHO and not COH, e.g., CH3CH2CHO.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":66,"explanation":"In condensed formulas of aldehydes, the carbonyl group (C=O) is typically represented as CHO, with the carbon atom attached to the oxygen atom first, followed by the hydrogen atom. This notation is used to clearly indicate the presence of an aldehyde functional group in the molecule.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}},{"id":979895,"front":"What is the role of water in the condenser during distillation?","back":"Water in the condenser provides efficient cooling and prevents backflow out of the condenser.","front_language":"English","back_language":"English","front_image":"","back_image":"","order":67,"explanation":"Water in the condenser plays a crucial role in maintaining a temperature gradient, allowing vapor to condense back into liquid efficiently. This cooling process ensures that the distillation remains effective, maximizing yield while preventing any vapor from escaping, which is essential for purity in the final product.","deleted_at":null,"flashcard_deck_id":"1rz6u","original_id":null,"examMode":{"text":"","correct":"","incorrect":"","info":""}}]

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